📚 BiometalDB

Four ruthenium(II)-based complexes with N-(acyl)-N',N'-(disubstituted)thiourea derivatives (Th) were obtained. The compounds, with the general formula trans-[Ru(PPh3)2(Th)(bipy)]PF6, interact with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DNA. BSA-binding constants, which were in the range of 3.3-6.5×10(4) M(-1), and the thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS), suggest spontaneous interactions with this protein by electrostatic forces due to the positive charge of the complexes. Also, binding constant by spectrophotometric DNA titration (Kb = 0.8-1.8×10(4) M(-1)) and viscosity studies indicate weak interactions between the complexes and DNA. Cytotoxicity assays against DU-145 (prostate cancer) and A549 (lung cancer) tumour cells revealed that the complexes are more active in tumour cells than in normal (L929) cells, and that they present high cytotoxicity (low IC50 values) compared with the reference metallodrug, cisplatin. Show less

Following the identification of a ruthenium(II)-arene complex with an ethacrynic acid-modified imidazole ligand, which inhibits glutathione transferase (GST) and is cytotoxic to chemo-resistant cancer cells, a series of structurally related ruthenium(II)- and osmium(II)-p-cymene compounds have been prepared. In these complexes the ethacrynic acid is linked to the metals via appropriately modified pyridine ligands. The influence of the metal center and the metal:ethacrynic acid ratio on the cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated with the derivatives with one metal center and two ethacrynic acid moieties being the most potent against chemo-resistant A2780cisR cells (human ovarian cancer cells with acquired resistance to cisplatin). Moreover, compared to a complex with an ethacrynic acid-modified imidazole ligand (RAIMID-EA, Figure 2), these complexes display a significant degree of cancer cell specificity. Show less

The aggressiveness and recurrence of cancer is linked to cancer stem cells (CSCs), but drugs targeting CSCs may not succeed in the clinic due to the lack of a distinct CSC subpopulation. Clinical Pt(II) drugs can increase stemness. We screened 15 Ru^II or Ir^III complexes with mesalazine or 3-aminobenzoate Schiff bases of the general formulas [Ru(p-cym)L]⁺, [Ru(p-cym)L], and [Ir(Cp*)L]⁺ (L = L1-L9) and found three complexes (2, 12, and 13) that are active against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) CSCs. There is a putative oncogenic role of transcription factors (viz. NOTCH1, SOX2, c-MYC) to enhance the stemness. Our work shows that imidazolyl-mesalazine ester-based Ru^II complexes inhibit growth of CSC-enriched OSCC 3D spheroids at low micromolar doses (2 μM). Complexes 2, 12, and 13 reduce stemness gene expression and induce differentiation markers (Involucrin, CK10) in OSCC 3D cultures. The imidazolyl-mesalazine ester-based Ru^II complex 13 shows the strongest effect. Downregulating c-MYC suggests that Ru^II complexes may target c-MYC-driven cancers. Show less

We report here on three new ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(DPEPhos)(mtz)(bipy)]PF₆ (Ru1), [Ru(DPEPhos)(mmi)(bipy)]PF₆ (Ru2) and [Ru(DPEPhos)(dmp)(bipy)]PF₆ (Ru3). DPEPhos = bis-[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether, mtz = 2-mercapto-2-thiazoline, mmi = 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole, dmp = 4,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidine and bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine. The compounds were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structure of Ru1 complex was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of Ru1 - Ru3 complexes were tested against the A549 (human lung) and the MDA-MB-231 (human breast) cancer cell lines and against MRC-5 (non-tumor lung) and MCF-10A (non-tumor breast) cell lines through the MTT assay. All three complexes are cytotoxic against the cell lines studied, with IC₅₀ values lower than those found for the cisplatin. Among them, the Ru2 complex has shown the best selectivity against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines, with an IC₅₀ value 12 times lower than that on MCF-10A. The complex Ru2 was capable to induce changes in MDA-MB-231 cells morphology, with loss of cellular adhesion, inhibited colony formation and induce an accumulation of cells at the sub-G1 phase, with an increase in S-phase and decrease of cells at G2 phase. Viscosity, electrochemical and Hoechst 33258 displacement experiments for Ru1 - Ru3 complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) showed an electrostatic and groove binding mode of interaction. Additionally, the complexes interact with the protein Human Serum Albumin (HSA) by static mechanism. The negative values for ΔH and ΔS indicate that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding may occurs between the complexes and HSA. Therefore, this class of complexes are promising anticancer candidates and may be selected to further detailed studies. Show less

Title: Cyclometalated Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes overcome cisplatin resistance of A549/DDP cells by downregulation of Nrf2 via Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway. Abstract: Both ruthenium (Ru) and isoquinoline (IQ) compounds are regarded as potential anticancer drug candidates. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of three novel cyclometalated Ru(II)-isoquinoline complexes: RuIQ-3, RuIQ-4, and RuIQ-5, and evaluation of their in vitro cytotoxicities against a panel of cell lines including A549/DDP, a cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer cell line. A549/DDP 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) were also used to detect the drug resistance reversal effect of Ru(II)-IQ complexes. Our results indicated that the cytotoxic activities against cancer cells of Ru(II)-IQ complexes, especially RuIQ-5, were superior compared with cisplatin. In addition, RuIQ-5 exhibited low toxicity towards both normal HBE cells in vitro and zebrafish embryos in vivo. Further investigation on cellular mechanism of action indicated that after absorption by A549/DDP cells, RuIQ-5 was mainly distributed in the nucleus, which is different from cisplatin. Besides, RuIQ-5 could induce apoptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, ROS-mediated DNA damage, and cycle arrest at both S and G2/M phases. Moreover, RuIQ-5 could inhibit the overexpression of Nrf2 through regulation of Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn signaling pathway and hindering the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Based on these findings, we firmly believe that the studied Ru(II)-IQ complexes hold great promise as anticancer therapeutics with high effectiveness and low toxicity. Show less

Organometallic Ru-arene complexes are promising as anticancer agents, but the lack of tumor uptake and poor solubility in the physiological medium impede their development. In order to deal with these challenges, we developed gold nanoparticles coated with Ru(arene)-functionalized PNVP-Py, where PNVP-Py is pyridine end-functionalized poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone). It is demonstrated that these particles exhibit higher anti-proliferative activity than the individual organometallic ruthenium(ii) complex of the type [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(NN)Cl]PF6, where NN is bis(4-methoxyphenylimino)acenaphthene, against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. More specifically, a RuII(η6-p-cymene) complex containing a NN bidentate ligand has been prepared and characterized by spectral studies and X-ray crystallography. To tether the isolated complex onto the surface of the AuNPs, PNVP-Py, which contains a pyridine group at one end to coordinate to the Ru-complex and a suitable functional group at the other end to bind on the surface of the AuNPs, has been prepared and utilized to obtain the macromolecular complex [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(NN)(PNVP-Py)]Cl2. Next, stable Ru(p-cym)(NN)(PNVP-Py)@AuNPs were obtained via a ligand exchange reaction of citrate-stabilized AuNPs with a macromolecular complex by a direct 'grafting to' approach and characterized well. Despite the lower DNA cleavage activity, the nanoconjugate exhibits better cytotoxicity than the individual complex against HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells on account of its enhanced permeability across the cell membrane. The AO/EB staining assay revealed that the nanoconjugate is able to induce an apoptotic mode of cell death, which was further quantitatively evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI double assay. An immunofluorescence assay indicated the higher potency of the nanoconjugate to inhibit cyclin D1 gene expression that is required for cancer cell growth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the modification of an organometallic Ru(arene) complex into a Ru(arene)metallopolymer-gold nanoconjugate for the development of ruthenium-based nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Show less

New cyclometallated ruthenium(ii) complexes of 3-acetyl-7-methoxycoumarin-4N-substituted thiosemicarbazones were synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectral techniques. The crystal structures of the ligands H₂L^1-3 and complexes (1, 2 and 4) were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The analysis showed that the ligands have undergone C-H activation at the C(4) carbon of the pyrone ring and acted in a tridentate fashion by binding through C, N and S atoms. CT-DNA and protein (BSA/HSA) binding studies were carried out to analyze their interaction with biomolecules. Good binding affinity with DNA was observed with intercalative binding mode, which was further confirmed by EB displacement and viscosity measurement studies. The quenching mechanism with BSA/HSA was found to be static. Three dimensional (3D) fluorescence measurements were carried out to validate the micro environmental changes in the serum albumins. Their antioxidant propensity and antimicrobial study insisted that the compounds displayed good spectrum of activity. Evaluation of their anticancer potential against MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and A549 (human lung carcinoma) cell lines revealed that the complexes exhibited better activity than the ligands and cisplatin. Further, the results of LDH and NO release assays supported the cytotoxic nature of the compounds. The non-toxic nature of the compounds was established by testing against the non-cancerous cell line HaCaT (human normal keratinocyte). Show less

Ruthenium-based compounds have gained great interest due to their potent cytotoxicity in cancer cells; however, much of their potential applications remain unexplored. In this paper, we report the synthesis of a novel ruthenium complex with xanthoxylin (RCX) and the investigation of its cellular and molecular action in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. We found that RCX exhibited a potent cytotoxic effect in a panel of cancer cell lines in monolayer cultures and in a 3D model of multicellular cancer spheroids formed from HepG2 cells. This compound is detected at a high concentration in the cell nuclei, induces DNA intercalation and inhibits DNA synthesis, arresting the cell cycle in the S-phase, which is followed by the activation of the caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway in HepG2 cells. Gene expression analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes related to cell cycle control, apoptosis and the MAPK pathway. In addition, RCX induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and pretreatment with U-0126, an MEK inhibitor known to inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, prevented RCX-induced apoptosis. In contrast, pretreatment with a p53 inhibitor (cyclic pifithrin-α) did not prevent RCX-induced apoptosis, indicating the activation of a p53-independent apoptosis pathway. RCX also presented a potent in vivo antitumor effect in C.B-17 SCID mice engrafted with HepG2 cells. Altogether, these results indicate that RCX is a novel anticancer drug candidate. Show less

It is a major challenge to design novel multifunctional metal-based chemotherapeutic agents for anti-tumor and anti-metastasis applications. Two complexes (OA-Ir and OA-Ru) were synthesized via CuAAC (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition) reaction from nontoxic Ir-N₃ or Ru-N₃ species and low toxic alkynyl precursor OA-Alkyne, and exhibited satisfactory anti-tumor and anti-metastasis pharmacological effects. Conjugation of Oleanolic acid (OA) and metal-arene species significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity in A2780 cells compared to the precursors through mitochondrial-induced autophagy pathway. Moreover, the two complexes could inhibit the cell metastasis and invasion through damage of actin dynamics and down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 proteins. Combination of two precursors improved the lipophilicity and biocompatibility, simultaneously enhanced the cell uptake and the mitochondrial accumulation of metal-arene complexes, which caused mitochondrial membrane potential damage, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion and autophagy. Besides, OA-Ir and OA-Ru displayed excellent activity to disintegrate the 3D multicellular tumor spheroids, showing potential for the treatment of solid tumors. This work provides a new way for developing novel metal-based complexes via CuAAC reaction for simultaneously inhibiting tumor proliferation and metastasis. Show less

Six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) with the formula [Ru(N^N)₂bpy(4-CH₃-4'-CH₂OART)](PF₆)₂ (Ru-ART-1-3) and [Ru(N^N)₂bpy(4-CH₂OART-4'-CH₂OART)](PF₆)₂ (Ru-ART-4-6) (N^N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in Ru-ART-1 and Ru-ART-4), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in Ru-ART-2 and Ru-ART-5) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6)), were synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-1-3 and Ru-ART-4-6 carry one and two ART moieties, respectively. Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity among six Ru(II)-ART conjugates. These two complexes can be effectively taken up by human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. In addition, they selectively kill cancer cell lines while mildly affect normal cells. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy. As a result, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 induce autophagy-dependent cell apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In this work, six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) have been synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy. Show less

We developed a novel red light activable hetero-bimetallic [Fe(III)-Ru(II)] complex by combining hydroxyl radical-generating Fe(III)-catecholate as a type I PDT agent and the singlet oxygen generating Ru(II)-paracymene complex as a type II PDT agent and it potentially functions as a dual-modality PDT tool for enhanced phototherapeutic applications. 2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-yl)propenamide (L2) acted as a bridging linker. The single-pot synthesis of the hetero-bimetallic [Fe(III)-Ru(II)] complex was carried out through acid-amine coupling. Various photophysical assays confirmed the photo-activated production of (˙OH) radicals and (¹O₂) oxygen generation upon activation of the [Fe(III)-Ru(II)] complex with red light (600-720 nm, 30 J cm^-2), which resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity with a photo-index of ∼45. The complex, [Fe(III)-Ru(II)], potentially bonded to the DNA through the ruthenium moiety was responsible for minimal dark toxicity. The cytotoxic potential of the complex under red light was a result of the photo-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species through both type I and type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) mechanisms in A549 and HeLa cells, while non-cancerous HPL1D cells remained unaffected. We probed the caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis of the complex, [Fe(III)-Ru(II)], in vitro. Overall, the hetero-bimetallic [Fe(III)-Ru(II)] complex is an ideal example of a red light activable dual-modality next-generation PDT tool for phototherapeutic anticancer therapy. Show less

Novel ruthenium(III) complexes of general formula Na[RuCl₂(L^1-3-N,O)₂] where L^(1-3) denote deprotonated Schiff bases (HL¹-HL³) derived from 5-substituted salicyladehyde and alkylamine (propyl- or butylamine) were prepared and characterized based on elemental analysis, mass spectra, infrared, electron spin/paramagnetic resonance (ESR/EPR) spectroscopy, and cyclovoltammetric study. Optimization of five isomers of complex C1 was done by DFT calculation. The interaction of C1-C3 complexes with DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and BSA (Bovine serum albumin) was investigated by electron spectroscopy and fluorescence quenching. The cytotoxic activity of C1-C3 was investigated in a panel of four human cancer cell lines (K562, A549, EA.hy926, MDA-MB-231) and one human non-tumor cell line (MRC-5). Complexes displayed an apparent cytoselective profile, with IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range from 1.6 ± 0.3 to 23.0 ± 0.1 µM. Cisplatin-resistant triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 displayed the highest sensitivity to complexes, with Ru(III) compound containing two chlorides and two deprotonated N-propyl-5-chloro-salicylidenimine (hereinafter C1) as the most potent (IC₅₀ = 1.6 µM), and approximately ten times more active than cisplatin (IC₅₀ = 21.9 µM). MDA-MB-231 cells treated for 24 h with C1 presented with apoptotic morphology, as seen by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, while 48 h of treatment induced DNA fragmentation, and necrotic changes in cells, as seen by flow cytometry analysis. Drug-accumulation study by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) demonstrated markedly higher intracellular accumulation of C1 compared with cisplatin. Show less

The synthesis and characterization of two half-sandwich complexes of Ru(II) and Ir(III) with thiabendazole as ancillary ligand and their DNA binding ability were investigated using experimental and computational methods. ¹H NMR and acid-base studies have shown that aquo-complexes are the reactive species. Kinetic studies show that both complexes bind covalently to DNA through the metal site and non covalently through the ancillary ligand. Thermal stability studies, viscosity, circular dichroism measurements and quantum chemical calculations have shown that the covalent binding causes breaking of the H-bonding between base pairs, bringing about DNA denaturation and compaction. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations shed light into the binding features of the Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes and their respective enantiomers toward double-helical DNA, highlighting the important role played by the NˆN ancillary ligand once the complexes are covalently linked to DNA. Moreover, metal quantification in the nucleus of SW480 colon adenocarcinoma cells were carried out by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), both complexes are more internalized than cisplatin after 4 h of exposition. However, in spite of the dramatic changes in the helicity of the DNA secondary structure induced by these complexes and their nuclear localization, antiproliferative studies have revealed that both, Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes, cannot be considered cytotoxic. This unexpected behavior can be justified by the fast formation of aquo-complexes, which may react with components of the cell culture medium or the cytoplasm compartment in such a way that they may become deactivated before reaching DNA. Show less

The purpose of this work was to screen the antitumor actions of two metal organoruthenium-8-hydroxyquinolinato (Ru-hq) complexes to find a potential novel agent for bone, lung and breast chemotherapies. We showed that ruthenium compounds (1 and 2) impaired the cell viability of human bone (MG-63), lung (A549) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells with greater selectivity and specificity than cisplatin. Besides, complexes 1 and 2 decreased proliferation, migration and invasion on cell monolayers at lower concentrations (2.5-10 μM). In addition, both compounds induced genotoxicity revealed by the micronucleus test, which led to G2/M cell cycle arrest and induced the tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. On the other hand, in multicellular 3D models (multicellular spheroids; MCS), 1 and 2 overcame CDDP presenting lower IC50 values only in MCS of lung origin. Moreover, 1 outperformed 2 in MCS of bone and breast origin. Finally, our findings revealed that both compounds inhibited the cell invasion of multicellular spheroids, showing that complex 1 exhibited the most important antimetastatic action. Taken together, these results indicate that compound 1 is an interesting candidate to be tested on in vivo models as a novel strategy for anticancer therapy. Show less

The complexation with organoruthenium fragments confers 4-anilinoquinazoline pharmacophores with higher potential for inducing cellular apoptosis while the highly inhibitory activity of 4-anilinoquinazolines against EGFR and the reactivity of the ruthenium centre to 9-ethylguanine are well preserved. Show less

Herein we synthesized two new ruthenium(II) compounds [Ru(pySH)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (1) and [Ru(HSpym)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (2) that are analogs to an antitumor agent recently described, [Ru(SpymMe2)(bipy)(dppb)]PF6 (3), where [(Spy) = 2-mercaptopyridine anion; (Spym) = 2-mercaptopyrimidine anion and (SpymMe2) = 4,6-dimethyl-2-mercaptopyrimidine anion]. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed significant anti-proliferative activity for 1-3 against HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 tumor cells, higher than the standard anti-cancer drugs doxorubicin and cisplatin. No mutagenicity is detected when compounds are evaluated by cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus cytome and Ames test in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation from rat liver. Interaction studies show that compounds 1-3 can bind to DNA through electrostatic interactions and to albumin through hydrophobic interactions. The three compounds are able to inhibit the DNA supercoiled relaxation mediated by human topoisomerase IB (Top1). Compound 3 is the most efficient Top1 inhibitor and the inhibitory effect is enhanced upon pre-incubation with the enzyme. Analysis of different steps of Top1 catalytic cycle indicates that 3 inhibits the cleavage reaction impeding the binding of the enzyme to DNA and slows down the religation reaction. Molecular docking shows that 3 preferentially binds closer to the residues of the active site when Top1 is free and lies on the DNA groove downstream of the cleavage site in the Top1-DNA complex. Thus, 3 can be considered in further studies for a possible use as an anticancer agent. Show less

Esterification of (4-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine, coordinated to the [Ru(η⁶-p-cymene)Cl₂] fragment, allows a series of bioactive carboxylic acids to be introduced directly into the organometallic molecule. Evaluation of the compounds on human ovarian cancer cells reveals synergistic enhancements in their antiproliferative activity relative to their bioactive organic and organometallic precursors. Show less

The interaction of ruthenium (II) complex [Ru(bpy)2(mal)](2+) (RBM) and [Ru(phen)2(mal)](2+) (RPM) (bpy = 2, 2-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, mal = malonyl carboxylate) with human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated by using fluorescence, UV absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy approaches. A strong fluorescence quenching reaction of complexes to HSA was observed and the quenching mechanism was suggested as static quenching according to the Stern-Volmer (S-V) equation. The number of binding sites n and observed binding constant Kb was measured by fluorescence quenching method. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG at different temperatures were calculated and the results indicate the binding reaction is mainly entropy-driven and Vander Waals force played a major role in the reaction. The result of CD showed that the secondary structure of HSA molecules was changed in the presence of the ruthenium (II) complexes. Furthermore, the cell viability of ruthenium (II) complexes was evaluated by MTT and complex RPM has shown significant higher anticancer potency than RBM against all the cell lines screened. RPM showed a significant antitumor activity through induction of apoptosis in A549 cells. Show less

A new pseudo-octahedral π-arene ruthenium(ii) piano-stool compound, containing an O,S-bidentate ligand (compound 1) and showing significant cytotoxic activity in vitro, was synthesized and characterized. In solution stability and interaction with the model protein bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) were investigated by using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Its crystal structure and that of the adduct formed upon reaction with RNase A were obtained by X-ray crystallography. The comparison between the structure of purified compound 1 and that of the fragment bound to RNase A reveals an unusual mode of protein binding that includes ligand exchange and alteration of coordination sphere geometry. Show less

Ruthenium based complexes are promising antitumour candidates due to their lower toxicity and better water-solubility compared to the platinum antitumour complexes. An epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been found to be overexpressed in a large set of tumour cells. In this work, a series of organoruthenium complexes containing EGFR-inhibiting 4-anilinoquinazoline pharmacophores were synthesised and characterised. These complexes exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against EGFR and high affinity to interact with DNA via minor groove binding, featuring dual-targeting properties. In vitro screening demonstrated that the as-prepared ruthenium complexes are anti-proliferating towards a series of cancer cell lines, in particular the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line A549. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and fluorescence microscopy revealed that the most active complex 3 induced much more early-stage cell apoptosis than its cytotoxic arene ruthenium analogue and the EGFR-inhibiting 4-anilinoquinazolines, verifying the synergetic effect of the two mono-functional pharmacophores. Show less

The diversification of ligands provides more opportunities to adjust the photophysical performance as well as the bio-function of Ru(II) complexes as novel photosensitizers. Herein, a kind of Ru(II) complexes carrying resveratrol derivative, amino-Res, as ligand was designed and synthesized. The representative complex (named Ru4) showed potent anticancer activity under the trigger of 520 nm-light. Lipophilicity and cellular accumulation experiments indicated that Ru4 possessed higher LogP_O/W value and cell up-take than Ru1-Ru3 and [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺. Mechanism study revealed that Ru4 could inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion and cancer stemness. The bio-function of Ru4 was mainly inherited from the amino-Res ligand. The in vivo study demonstrated that Ru4 could inhibit the tumor growth without significant system toxicity. Show less