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Synthesis, characterisation and DNA intercalation studies of regioisomers of ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes.
SVU-International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Applications (2024) 5(1): 125-135
Print ISSN 2785-9967 | Online ISSN 2735-4571
DOI 10.21608/SVUSRC.2023.247561.1160
An Investigation into the Efficacy of Septic Tank Systems in Removing Organics
in a Subtropical Climate
Sumaya Tabassum1,
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2083-9291
Abstract
An estimated 38 million individuals, out of a total
population of around 126 million, reside in urban areas of
Bangladesh. The surge in urbanization and water consumption has
led to a significant rise in waterborne sanitation systems within the
country. One cost-effective solution for wastewater treatment is the
utilization of septic tanks, which operate as anaerobic reactors, with
their efficiency being closely tied to temperature conditions. This
research focuses on evaluating the organic removal capabilities of a
septic tank located on the Khulna University of Engineering and
Technology (KUET) campus. The results show that a septic tank's
ability to remove organic matter depends on the temperature, with
higher temperatures making the removal process more effective.
Additionally, the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) levels were observed
within a range of 110–280 mg/L, 200–1030 mg/L, 160–880 mg/L,
and 190–220 mg/L for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd chambers, respectively.
The maximum recorded pH values were 7.14, 7.13, and 7.11, while
the minimum pH values were 7.06, 7.05, and 7.04, corresponding to
the same chambers. Furthermore, the organic removal efficiency
concerning dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-N), and pH levels
remained within acceptable limits. These results suggest that a
simple treatment unit like a septic tank can effectively render
previously unacceptable and unhygienic water suitable for safe
disposal and potential reuse, ultimately improving the management
of septic tank wastewater.
Keywords: Septic Tank; Climate Change; Waste Organics;
Organics Removal.
1 Introduction
Bangladesh, a densely populated middle-income nation
Received: 09 November 2023 / Accepted: 07 December 2023
:
Sumaya
Tabassum,
E-mail:
stabassum@aggies.ncat.edu
1. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental
Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro,
North Carolina, 27405, USA
in the Asia-Pacific region, faces a pressing sanitation crisis
due to widespread poverty [1]–[5]. Despite efforts, the
country fell short of achieving the Millennium
Development Goals, with 40% of the population still
lacking access to adequate sanitation as of 2015 [6]–[9].
To address this issue, septic tank systems have been
implemented for the effective treatment of human waste
[10]–[12]. Septic tanks serve as affordable anaerobic
reactors for wastewater treatment. A standard septic tank
system comprises two main components: the septic tank
and a network of field lines that are placed within an
absorption field [13],[14]. It's worth noting that
temperature serves as a crucial environmental factor that
significantly impacts the functioning of septic tank-soil
absorption systems [15]–[20]. The surge in urbanization
and heightened water usage in Bangladesh has given rise
to a proliferation of waterborne sanitation systems, yet the
management of residual waste often remains inadequately
addressed in infrastructure projects [21],[22]. The
uncontrolled discharge of wastewater and fecal sludge
poses significant environmental and public health
challenges in urban and suburban areas [23]–[27].
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the
importance of maintaining effective septic tank
wastewater treatment systems to prevent the potential
spread of the virus through inadequate sanitation practices
[28],[29]. Many of Bangladesh's cities and towns are
situated near swamps and lakes, which local residents
often use for informal aquaculture. Regrettably, these
water bodies are frequently contaminated with fecal matter,
compromising water quality and negatively impacting the
livelihoods of vulnerable communities [30]–[33].
Moreover, pollution from domestic sources further
deteriorates water quality in surface water bodies and
groundwater aquifers, posing threats to both natural
ecosystems and public health [22],[23].
In any given community, both liquid and solid waste
126
materials, along with air emissions, are produced
[25],[34]–[36]. Liquid waste, commonly referred to as
wastewater, constitutes the water supply used within the
community for various purposes. Any water quality
adversely affected by human activities is classified as
wastewater [37]–[39]. In terms of its sources, wastewater
can be described as a combination of liquid or water-borne
waste originating from households, institutions,
commercial and industrial establishments, and may also
include groundwater, surface water, and stormwater
[40]–[47]. Solid waste recycling practices contribute to a
reduction in the amount of non-biodegradable waste
entering septic tanks, prolonging their effectiveness, and
promoting more sustainable wastewater treatment [48]. In
some innovative septic tank wastewater treatment systems,
solid waste is efficiently processed through anaerobic
digestion to produce biogas, offering both a sustainable
source of energy and an eco-friendly solution for waste
management [35],[49]–[52]. Essentially, wastewater
comprises 99.9% water and 0.1% solids [18],[53]–[55].
Efficient management of wastewater, or the lack thereof,
exerts a direct impact on the biodiversity of aquatic
ecosystems, thereby disrupting the essential systems that
support life [38],[56]–[59]. This disruption affects a wide
range of sectors, including urban development, food
production, and industry. Therefore, it is imperative to
incorporate wastewater management as a fundamental
component of an integrated, holistic, ecosystem-based
management system that spans all three dimensions of
sustainable development (social, economic, and
environmental) [60]–[66]. This approach should extend
beyond geographical boundaries and encompass both
freshwater and marine environments. In regions with
well-designed rainwater harvesting systems, the collected
rainwater can be utilized to supplement septic tank
wastewater treatment processes, reducing the overall strain
on freshwater resources and enhancing the sustainability
of the system [67].
A septic tank serves the purpose of acting as a
receptacle for all wastewater originating from a residential
dwelling and offers a basic level of primary treatment for
that wastewater [68]–[72]. This primary treatment
encompasses sedimentation, flotation, and a minor
anaerobic digestion process [73],[74]. The wastewater
initially enters the first chamber of the septic tank,
allowing solid particles to settle while scum floats to the
surface. The settled solids undergo anaerobic digestion,
which reduces their volume. The liquid component flows
through a partition wall into the second chamber, where
further settling occurs. The excess liquid, now in a
Sumaya Tabassum
relatively clear state, drains from the outlet into the septic
drain field, which may also be referred to as a leach field,
drain field, or seepage field, depending on the locality
[75]–[77].
To maintain the efficiency of the septic tank, periodic
preventive maintenance is necessary as solids accumulate
within the tank over time [78]–[85]. This maintenance
involves regular pumping to eliminate these accumulated
solids [83],[85]–[89]. In the United States, the
responsibility for maintaining septic systems lies with
homeowners, as stated by the US Environmental
Protection Agency [90]. Neglecting this obligation can
lead to costly repairs when solids escape from the tank,
leading to blockages in the clarified liquid effluent
disposal system. The World Bank emphasizes that one of
the most significant challenges in the water and sanitation
sector over the next two decades will be the
implementation of cost-effective sewage treatment
systems that allow for the selective reuse of treated
effluents for agricultural and industrial purposes [91]–[95].
Maintaining high hygienic standards in sanitation systems
is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases [21],[22].
Subsurface sewage disposal systems pose the primary risk
of groundwater contamination and are most concerning in
densely developed suburban areas and locations with
minimal soil covering bedrock [96]–[99]. Proper sewage
and wastewater disposal is vital to safeguard public health,
prevent nuisances, and protect the environment
[100],[101]. Recognizing the interconnectedness of
wastewater management and water quality with various
other issues, especially in the context of the water, energy,
and food nexus, is gaining importance [102],[103].
Wastewater management is a key factor in ensuring future
water security in a world where water scarcity is on the
rise [3],[104]–[107].
The study aims to achieve the following objectives:
measure the temperature variations in different chambers
of the septic tank across different seasons; assess the
impact of temperature on the septic tank's removal
efficiency during different seasons; and compare the
obtained values with the standard values using graphical
representations.
2 Martial and Methods
2.1 Site selection and septic tank location
As shown in Figure 1, the research team conducting
An Investigation into the Efficacy of Septic Tank Systems in Removing Organics in a Subtropical Climate
this investigation chose to focus their attention on a
particular septic tank that is situated on the campus of
KUET (Khulna University of Engineering and
Technology). The selected septic tank could be found
behind the Teachers Dormitory, which was more
specifically referred to as Block-A.
Fig. 1 Location of the selected septic tank at KUET campus
Due to the availability of a significant volume of
domestic wastewater that originated from the residential
units that were located in close proximity to the septic
tank in question, it was determined to be an appropriate
location for the research [108],[109]. Figure 2 provides a
visual representation of the three separate chambers that
make up the septic tank that is the subject of this
investigation. Within the context of the larger system, each
of these chambers serves a distinct purpose that
contributes to the overall treatment and containment of the
wastewater that is being processed.
127
2.2 Operation conditions
The critical step in anaerobic digestion typically
involves the conversion of volatile acids into methane
[110]. This conversion process is carried out by
methane-forming bacteria, which yield minimal energy
from the breakdown of volatile acids [110],[111]. The
majority of the energy released during this process is
harnessed
for
the
production
of
methane.
Methane-forming bacteria are strict anaerobes and display
high sensitivity to alterations in factors like alkalinity, pH,
and temperature [112]. Therefore, it is imperative to
continually monitor and sustain optimal conditions within
the digester to ensure their effective operation. In addition
to alkalinity, pH, and temperature, there are various other
operational parameters that should also be regularly
observed and maintained within the ideal ranges to
support the proper activity of methane-forming bacteria.
This comprehensive monitoring and control of conditions
are pivotal for the successful execution of anaerobic
digestion processes. The operation conditions of the
digestors are given in table 1.
Table 1 Operational conditions required for the acceptable
activity of methane-forming bacteria and subsequent methane
production
Parameters
Operation
Conditions
Marginal
Alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO3
2000
1000-1500
Gas Composition Methane, %
volume
67
60-65& 70-75
Carbon dioxide, % volume
32
25-30 & 35-40
Hydraulic retention time, days
13
7-10 & 15-30
pH
7.1
6.6-6.8 & 7.2-7.6
Temperature, Mesophillic
33°C
20-30° &
35-40°C
Temperature, Thermophillic
55°C
40-50° &
57-60°C
Volatile acids, mg/L as acetic acid
400
500-2000
2.3 Septage characteristics
Fig. 2 The studied septic tank at KUET campus with three
respective chambers.
Septage refers to the mixture of liquid and solid
materials that are extracted from various primary
treatment sources such as septic tanks or cesspools [113].
This composite substance is formed through the
decomposition of organic matter and the settling of solids
within the confines of the septic tank [113]. Septage is
128
Sumaya Tabassum
typically removed from septic tanks through a pumping
process and then transported to dedicated treatment
facilities for further processing and eventual disposal
[114],[115]. It is of utmost importance to effectively
manage septage to prevent the contamination of
groundwater and surface water sources, as well as to
maintain the safe and efficient functioning of onsite
sewage treatment systems. In septic tanks, scum
accumulates at the surface while sludge settles at the
bottom, together constituting a significant portion of the
total tank volume, usually ranging from 20% to 50% when
pumped out [76],[116]. Table 2 presents the septage
characteristics of the septic tank.
Fig. 3 The left side picture shows a 1st chamber of the septic
tank, and the middle picture shows the collection of wastewaters
from the 2nd chamber. Moreover, right side picture shows the
sample of wastewater that was collected from the chamber of the
septic tank
Table 2 Septage characteristics of the septic tank
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
15200 mg/L
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
4820 mg/L
Chemical Oxygen Demand
32500 mg/L
Total Nitrogen as N (TN)
548 mg/L
Total Phosphorus as P (TP)
230 mg/L
Oil and Grease
4500 mg/L
2.4 Wastewater collection from the septic tank
The wastewater for this research was collected with
great attention to detail from two separate chambers
situated within the septic tank, excluding the first chamber
which had accumulated a substantial amount of sludge. To
safeguard the integrity of the gathered samples, containers
made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic were
employed. Following that, the samples were meticulously
preserved for a duration of two days in a refrigerated
setting maintaining a regulated temperature of 4 ºC. This
step was taken to safeguard their state before proceeding
with subsequent analyses. To ensure experimental
assessments were conducted with precision and
consistency, the samples were subsequently allowed to
equilibrate to room temperature. Figure 3 depicts the
wastewater collection from the septic tank.
In general, a traditional septic tank comprises four
essential components. To begin with, the Soak well
functions as the primary entry point for the wastewater,
enabling the process of solids separation from the liquid
constituent. Following this, we are introduced to the initial
chamber, where the process of solid-liquid separation
commences. The subsequent step is for the wastewater to
be further degraded and treated in the second chamber.
The treatment process is concluded in the third chamber,
which guarantees that the effluent discharged from the
septic tank has undergone adequate treatment to be safe
for consumption.
2.5 Sample analysis
The collected samples were subjected to analysis for
pH, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen
(DO), Nitrate (NO3-), and Electrical Conductivity (EC).
The pH of the pollutant was determined using a pH meter
(HACH, Model No. Sension 156). The DO meter utilized
for measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) was the Hach HQ
2200. The HACH DR 2700 spectrophotometer was
utilized for the measurement of nitrate levels. The HACH
HQ 2100 instrument was utilized to quantify the electrical
conductivity of the specimens. Gravimetric method was
used for TSS measurement.
3 Results and discussions
A number of different tests were carried out in order to
determine the characteristics of the wastewater that was
collected from the septic tank. The outcomes of these tests
are summarized in Table 3 and 4, which can be found here.
These tests examined the wastewater for a variety of
An Investigation into the Efficacy of Septic Tank Systems in Removing Organics in a Subtropical Climate
different parameters.
Table 3 Different Water Quality Parameters of Wastewater (2 nd
chamber) of the Septic Tank at KUET campus
2nd chamber
Date
Temp
(ºC)
pH
DO
(mg/L)
TSS
(mg/L)
NO3-N
(mg/L)
26.12.20
18
-
-
280
-
05.02.21
21
7.05
1.18
1030
1.4
04.03.21
22
7.06
1.29
880
2
11.04.21
25.5
7.09
3.17
220
2.37
29.04.21
26
7.14
1.37
160
3.7
08.05.21
25.5
7.11
3.88
210
6.1
Table 4 Different Water Quality Parameters of Wastewater (3nd
chamber) of the Septic Tank at KUET campus
Date
26.12.20
05.02.21
04.03.21
11.04.21
29.04.21
08.05.21
Temp
(ºC)
18
21.5
22
25.5
25
26
pH
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.13
7.03
3rd chamber
DO
TSS
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
110
0.45
200
1.67
160
3.92
190
2.17
120
4.57
180
NO3-N
(mg/L)
0.8
1.6
2.67
2
2.9
The samples were gathered in a variety of months
spread out over the course of the year. When looking at the
data in the table, it is clear that the test results become
increasingly variable as the temperature rises. This is
something that can be observed. When compared to the
third chamber, the TSS in the second chamber displays
significantly higher values. The nitrate levels of four out
of five samples in the second chamber were found to be
higher than those in chamber 3. The recognition of the
substantial reduction in nitrate levels is acknowledged.
129
temperature is shown in figure 4. The initial pH of the
wastewater prior to filtration was measured to be 7.62.
The pH values observed in the study exhibited a maximum
range of 7.14, 7.13, and 7.11, while the minimum range of
pH was observed to be 7.06, 7.05, and 7.04.
3.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The graphical representation in Figure 4 illustrates the
variation of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) with temperature. It
is noteworthy that the highest DO levels were
predominantly observed in the 3rd chamber, indicating a
notable presence of oxygen in this particular section.
However, it is worth mentioning that there was an
exception, where one sample exhibited higher DO levels
in the 1st chamber. The highest recorded DO value reached
an impressive 4.57 mg/L, while the lowest observed DO
level was 0.45 mg/L in the 3rd chamber. These DO values
play a crucial role in assessing water quality as they serve
as excellent indicators. It's important to note that the
solubility of oxygen in wastewater is generally lower than
that in clean water, making DO analysis a vital component
of water pollution control and wastewater management.
The significance of monitoring DO levels lies in its direct
impact on aquatic ecosystems [120]. DO is a critical factor
influencing various biochemical processes and metabolic
activities of microorganisms, and its effects have been
well-documented. The presence of adequate DO is
essential for sustaining a diverse range of aquatic life
forms, and the impact of water discharge into aquatic
bodies is significantly determined by the oxygen balance
within the system [121]. It's worth noting that the standard
DO range typically falls between 4.5 and 8 mg/L,
providing a benchmark for evaluating the water's oxygen
content and, consequently, its overall health and suitability
for various forms of life.
3.1 pH
The pH of water is determined by taking the negative
value of the common logarithm of the concentration of H+
ions [117]. The pH of natural water is 7.0. The pH scale is
commonly depicted as encompassing a range from 0 to 14.
The pH level typically influences the overall acidity or
alkalinity of a substance [118],[119]. The acceptable range
for pH in potable water typically falls between 6.5 and 8.5.
The acceptable pH range for water suitable for irrigation
purposes typically falls between 6 and 9. The variability in
the pH level of effluent has the potential to impact the
kinetics of biological reactions and the viability of diverse
microorganisms. The variation of the pH values with
Fig. 4 The variation of pH and DO with Temperature. From the
130
graph it can be said that with the increment of temperature, the
values of pH and DO are also increasing and it is different for the
two chambers (2nd and 3rd)
3.3 Nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N)
In the analyzed wastewater samples, the nitrate
concentration was found to be relatively low, well within
the standard value of 10 mg/L. Notably, there was a
consistent trend where nitrate values in the 3rd chamber
were observed to be higher than those in the 2nd chamber
for most of the samples. To provide a comprehensive view
of the nitrate content with respect to temperature
variations, Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between
nitrate levels and temperature. Intriguingly, it was
observed that as the temperature increased, the values of
NO3-N exhibited an upward trend in the 2nd chamber.
However, this pattern did not hold true for the 3rd
chamber, where the values of NO3-N did not show a
consistent increase with rising temperatures. Additionally,
it's noteworthy that NO3-N values varied for the 3rd
chamber at different temperature conditions.
Fig. 5 The variation of NO3-N with Temperature
The terminology "nitrate nitrogen" is used to
specifically denote the nitrogen that is chemically bound
within the nitrate ion. This specific nomenclature is
employed to distinguish nitrate nitrogen from other forms
of nitrogen, such as ammonia nitrogen or nitrite nitrogen.
The analysis of nitrate nitrogen was conducted using the
Hach DR2700 machine, with Nitraver 5 serving as the
designated Nitrate reagent. This specialized testing
equipment and reagent play a crucial role in accurately
assessing nitrate nitrogen levels within the samples,
providing valuable insights into the quality and
composition of the wastewater under examination.
Sumaya Tabassum
3.4 Total suspended solid (TSS)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is a critical water quality
parameter that represents the dry weight of particles
captured by a filter and is commonly used to evaluate the
quality of wastewater [122]. In typical residential septic
tank effluent, one can expect to find approximately 80
mg/L of TSS, a substantial portion of which comprises
slowly biodegradable particles. However, the experimental
findings in this study revealed an interesting relationship
between TSS and temperature. It was observed that TSS
levels increased as the temperature rose, and notably, the
2nd chamber consistently contained higher TSS
concentrations compared to the 3rd chamber. To provide a
more comprehensive perspective on this relationship,
Figure 6 visually represents the variation of TSS in
correlation with temperature. This graphical representation
clearly indicates a direct connection between increasing
temperature and higher TSS levels, with the 2nd chamber
consistently exhibiting greater TSS values than the 3rd
chamber.
Fig. 6 Variation of TSS with the changes of temperature of
different chamber
It is worth noting that the study revealed some nuances
in this pattern. In the 2nd chamber, TSS levels
significantly increased with rising temperatures during the
initial three sampling periods, only to experience a rapid
decrease afterward. In contrast, the 3rd chamber exhibited
more fluctuation in TSS concentrations as the temperature
increased. These intriguing findings shed light on the
intricate dynamics of TSS within the septic tank system
and offer valuable insights into its behavior under varying
temperature conditions.
3.5 Electric conductivity (EC)
An Investigation into the Efficacy of Septic Tank Systems in Removing Organics in a Subtropical Climate
In the course of our study, we observed substantial
variations in Electrical Conductivity (EC) values between
the samples obtained from the 2nd chamber and the 3rd
chamber of the septic tank. The EC values for the 2nd
chamber were consistently higher, with measurements of
10200, 9800, 9400, 10050, and 9500 mS/cm. In stark
contrast, the 3rd chamber exhibited significantly lower EC
values, with measurements of 2300, 1200, 897, 1140, and
1150 mS/cm, respectively. This remarkable contrast in EC
values between the two chambers is indicative of the
septic tank's efficiency in the treatment process. The
disparity in EC values underscores the dynamic nature of
the septic tank's functionality. While the 2nd chamber
seems to exhibit a higher electrical conductivity, it is vital
to recognize that this may be attributed to the presence of
various solutes and dissolved ions within the wastewater.
As the wastewater undergoes treatment and moves
through the septic tank's chambers, these solutes and ions
are either transformed or removed, which could explain
the noticeable drop in EC values in the 3rd chamber.
These findings emphasize the capacity of the septic tank to
effectively alter the composition of the wastewater as it
progresses through its chambers. It also highlights the
significance of EC as an indicator of the treatment
efficiency, offering valuable insights into the changes that
occur during the treatment process and how these changes
affect the overall quality and composition of the effluent
[123]. Understanding these dynamics is pivotal in
assessing the septic tank's performance and its role in
ensuring the safe and responsible disposal of wastewater.
4 Conclusion
This study has yielded several significant findings in
relation to the wastewater characteristics of the septic tank.
These findings are summarized as follows: the
examination of pH levels revealed variations, with the
maximum recorded pH values spanning 7.14, 7.13, and
7.11, while the minimum pH levels were registered at 7.06,
7.05, and 7.09 for both of the selected chambers. In light
of the results, it is evident that the 2nd chamber
consistently exhibited higher Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
removal efficiency when compared to the 3rd chamber,
particularly in response to temperature variations. Lastly,
the investigation highlighted a noteworthy trend in the
organic removal efficiency of the septic tank,
demonstrating a direct correlation with rising temperatures.
Specifically, the organic removal efficiency showcased
131
higher values during the summer season as opposed to the
winter season. These findings collectively shed light on
the dynamic nature of wastewater characteristics within
septic tank systems, offering valuable insights into their
behavior under varying environmental conditions.
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