Anticancer activity of new organo-ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes containing the 2-(pyridine-2-yl)thiazole N,N-chelating ligand

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Impacto de tipos diferentes de cortes na qualidade de batata crua durante estocagem Muhammad Irfan1, Muhammad Inam-Ur-Raheem1, Rana Muhammad Aadil1 , Rameesha Nadeem2, Umair Shabbir2* , Ahsan Javed2 University of Agriculture Faisalabad, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faisalabad/Punjab Pakistan 2 Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Institute of Home and Food Science, Faisalabad/Punjab Pakistan 1 *Corresponding Author: Umair Shabbir, Government College University Faisalabad, Institute of Home and Food Science, +38000, Faisalabad/Punjab - Pakistan, e-mail: umair336@gmail.com Cite as: Irfan, M., Inam-Ur-Raheem, M., Aadil, R. M., Nadeem, R., Shabbir, U., & Javed, A. (2020). Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 23, e2019005. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 Abstract Fresh-cut vegetables can be minimally processed through cleaning/washing, trimming, peeling, slicing and dicing, followed by packaging and cold storage. This study aimed to verify the effect of different cuts on the quality and shelf life of fresh-cut potato. Different cut types, such as slices, dices, cubes and wedges, were selected for this study to evaluate the shelf-life response of potatoes. Potato pieces of these different shapes were treated with calcium chloride, citric acid, and potassium metabisulfite (3%, 2% and 0.3%, respectively), stored in plastic boxes at 4 ˚C for 60 days, and then physicochemically (firmness (N), weight loss (WL), pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and ascorbic acid (AA) content analyses) and microbiologically assessed. The best results were observed for the dice cut type, which showed minimal changes in TSS (5.31%), pH (5.65), TA (0.34%), WL (9.04%), and AA content (10.86%). Moreover, the microbial activity of all shapes of potato pieces remained within acceptable limits during cold storage. Keywords: Minimally processed produce; Dices; Shelf life; Acceptability; Cold storage. Resumo Vegetais minimamente processados podem ser preparados a partir de várias etapas de processamento como lavagem, toalete, retirada da casca, corte, seguidas por embalagem e armazenamento refrigerado. O presente estudo objetivou determinar os efeitos de diferentes na qualidade e na vida-de-prateleira de batata minimamente processada. Tipos diferentes de corte, tais como fatias, dadinhos, cubos e cunhas, foram selecionados para este estudo, com intuito de avaliar seu efeito na vida-de-prateleira das batatas. Batatas cortadas em diferentes formatos foram tratadas com cloreto de cálcio, ácido cítrico e metabissulfito de potássio (3%, 2% e 0,3%), armazenadas a 4 °C por 60 dias e depois avaliadas por análises físico-químicas (firmeza, perda de peso, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e conteúdo de ácido ascórbico (AA)) e microbiológicas. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o corte em pequenos cubos, com mudanças mínimas em SST (5,31%), pH (5,65), acidez titulável (0,34%), perda de peso (9,04%) e conteúdo de AA (10,86%). A atividade microbiana em todos os cortes de batata permaneceu dentro de limites aceitáveis, durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Palavras-chave: Vegetais minimamente processados; Corte; Vida-de-prateleira; Aceitabilidade; Armazenamento. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 1/7 Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Irfan, M. et al. 1 Introduction Fruits and vegetables are essential components of the human diet, and their consumption has consistently been associated with health improvement (Ramos et al., 2013). Potato (Salonum tuberosum), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, genus Salonum, is rich in potassium, iron, copper, manganese, phosphorus, thiamine, vitamin C, pyridoxine, dietary fiber, and niacin. Moreover, some phytonutrients, e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds, are also present in potato tubers. Considering this nutritional profile, potato is highly beneficial against a number of conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases (Crozier et al., 2009), and shows anti-inflammatory (Kaspar et al., 2011), anticancer, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antitumor (Chung et al., 2016) activity. In Pakistan, potato is widely cultivated in an area of over 186,900 ha, with annual production estimated in 4,446.5 million tons (Government of Pakistan, 2018). The demand for fresh-cut potatoes has been increasing globally, but fresh-cut potatoes are prone to browning after cutting, like many other fruits and vegetables (You et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015). These cutting processes cause wounding stress that can accelerate the deterioration processes, such as water loss, oxidative browning, tissue softening, and development of off-flavors, thus limiting the shelf life of fresh-cut products (Hodges & Toivonen, 2008). Browning may be a symptom of an ongoing degenerative process such as damaging of cell compartmentalization (Marangoni et al., 1996), or of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity on the phenolic compounds (substrates), in which the enzymes are activated when the cut surface comes into contact with oxygen (Wang et al., 2015). Cantwell & Suslow (2002) showed that the problem of cell rupture arises after cutting during minimal processing, thus triggering biochemical reactions in the fresh-cut produce, resulting in short shelf life. Reduction in produce postharvest losses is a main concern, and numerous techniques to tackle this problem have been established over the years. These techniques (irradiation, hypobaric storage, high and low temperatures, modified and controlled atmospheres, dipping in anti-browning (AA) and antibacterial (calcium chloride) solutions, and fresh-cut technology) not only improve the quality, but also reduce the postharvest losses of agricultural products (Albanese et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2012). The demand for fresh-cut products has been increasing because of their freshness, convenience, and high nutritional quality (Allende et al., 2006). Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are commonly prepared through cleaning/washing, trimming, peeling, shredding/slicing and dicing, followed by packaging and cold storage (Baskaran et al., 2007). Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables is carried out in order to increase their shelf life by controlling enzymatic browning. This study was designed to analyze the cut-type (slices, cubes, dices, and wedges) effects on the quality and shelf life of potatoes stored at 4 ºC, as well as to verify these effects on the physicochemical characteristics and microbial activity of this product. 2 Material and methods Ripe potatoes were purchased from the vegetable market in Faisalabad, Pakistan, and then sorted, graded, washed/cleaned, trimmed, peeled, and cut into different shapes, namely, T1 (slices), T2 (cubes), T3 (dices), and T4 (wedges). These samples of different shapes were treated using a solution containing CaCl2 (firming agent: firmness is increased when calcium ions produce bridges between the cell wall and pectin in fruits and vegetables), citric acid (enhances shelf life and reduces browning in fresh-cut potatoes), and potassium metabisulfite (as a preservative) at 3%, 2%, and 0.3%, respectively, packed in plastic boxes, stored at 4 °C, and evaluated every 12 days for 60 days. Firmness (N) of the potatoes was determined using a TA-XT plus texture analyzer (Stable Micro System, UK) according to the methodology described by Rahman & Al-Farsi (2005). Titratable acidity (TA) and weight loss (WL) were determined using the methodology by (Argañosa et al., 2008), and pH was assessed according to the methodology by Cheng et al. (2007). Total soluble solids (TSS) of the potato pieces were determined using a hand-held refractometer (Abbe model 10450) as described by Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 2/7 Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Irfan, M. et al. Dong et al. (2001). Ascorbic acid (AA) content was determined by the 2,6-dichlorophenol dye titration method as found in the AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2006), and total phenolic compound (TPC) contents were assessed using the methodology by (Wojdyło et al., 2007). Microbiological evaluation was carried out according to Morais & Arganosa (2010). 3 Statistical analysis The data obtained for each parameter were submitted to statistical factorial analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) according to Steel et al. (1997), and significant ranges were further compared with application of the Least Significant Difference (LSD) means test, and processed using the Statistic 8.1 software. 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Firmness (N) Firmness of vegetables and fruits is derived from their turgor pressure, and the composition of individual plant cell walls and the middle lamella “glue” that holds individual cells together (Barrett et al., 2010). Potato N is reduced due to water loss and the softening of tissues caused by starch hydrolysis. These softening processes can be controlled by increasing the concentration of calcium salts. In the present study, an increasing trend in firmness of the fresh-cut potato was observed during the first 12 days, followed by a decrease up to 60 days. The largest decrease in N (from 1.93 to 0.75 N) was observed in T1 (slices), whereas the smallest decrease (1.95-1.25 N) was found in T3 (dices), up to the 60th day of cold storage (Figure 1). Similarly, Nourian et al. (2003) observed that potato N decreased with different storage temperatures and Zhao et al. (2017) verified an increasing trend for hardness in cooked potato slices pretreated with 0.8% acetic acid. Figure 1. Firmness (N) of the fresh-cut potatoes stored at 4 °C for 60 days. Cut types: T1 = slices, T2 = cubes, T3 = dices, and T4 = wedges. The treatments consisted in dipping the fresh-cut potatoes in a solution containing 3% calcium chloride, 2% citric acid, and 0.3% potassium metabisulfite. 4.2 Titratable Acidity (TA) and pH In general, TA decreases and pH increases with the ripening of vegetables and fruits during the storage period, and after peeling and cutting, the respiration rate increases and the TA decreases (Hui, 2006). In the fresh-cut potato samples assessed, the largest decrease in TA (0.96-0.05) was observed in T1 (slices), whereas Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 3/7 Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Irfan, M. et al. the smallest decrease (0.96-0.34) was verified in T3 (dices), during the 60 days of cold storage (Table 1). A decreasing trend in TA was also observed by Rocha & Morais (2003) in fresh-cut apple slices, and Li et al. (2017) reported that the TA of fresh-cut pitaya fruit decreased during the storage period. A slight increase in pH (4.74-5.65) was found in T3 (dices) and a greater increase (4.75-6.04) was observed in T1 (slices), during the 60 days of cold storage (Table 1). Similarly, an increasing trend in pH was observed by Rocha & Morais (2003) in fresh-cut apple slices, and (Bico et al., 2009) reported increased pH and decreased TA over time in chemically treated fruit maintained in a controlled atmosphere. 4.3 Total Soluble Solids (TSS) Starch hydrolysis softens the potato tissue during storage, with starch being converted into glucose with the action of enzymes. The smallest increase in TSS (from 4.36 to 5.31%) was observed in T3 (dices), whereas the largest increase (4.38-5.75%) was found in T1 (slices), during the entire cold storage period (Table 1). Song et al. (2013) claimed that fresh-cut potato treated with AA solution showed an increasing trend in TSS, and Nourian et al. (2003) observed that the TSS of potato increased during storage. 4.4 Weight Loss (WL) The quality of minimally processed products is affected by respiration and water loss. The crispiness and turgor of minimally processed fruit decreases in the absence of internal tissue and cuticle (Beaulieu & Gorny, 2002). During the 60 days of cold storage, the largest WL (from 0 to 11.47%) was observed in T1 (slices) and the smallest (0 to 9.04%) was verified in T3 (dices) due to the smaller surface area exposed to the air (Table 1). Bico et al. (2009) found that chemically dipped fresh-cut banana showed less WL than the untreated samples, and Song et al. (2013), studying fresh-cut potato treated with an anti-browning agent, reported increased WL during storage. 4.5 Ascorbic Acid (AA) content During long-term storage, the AA content decreases in minimally processed vegetables and fruits (Supapvanich et al., 2011). In the present study, the smallest decrease in the AA content (from 18.56 to 10.86 mg/100g) was observed in T3 (dices) and the largest (18.49-6.49 mg/100g) in T1 (slices), during the 60 days of cold storage (Table 1). In general, AA content decreases after cutting, especially during extended storage periods. Ascorbic acid is converted to dehydroascorbic acid during storage in the presence of heat, metals, and oxygen (Supapvanich et al., 2011). Song et al. (2013) suggested that fresh-cut potato treated with an anti-browning agent (0.1% AA for 60 min) maintained its quality due to the action of this agent, and Nourian et al. (2003) observed decreasing AA contents in potato stored at different temperatures. 4.6 Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) contents The phenolic compounds responsible for the color of vegetables and fruits can be used as substrates by oxidative enzymes. Such enzymes can cause many problems in fruits and vegetables, such as browning, softening and oxidation, when polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) are present in sufficient amounts. In the early stages of cold storage, the TPC of the fresh-cut potato samples increased, but subsequently decreased. The lowest TPC (154.00 µg/g) in the fresh-cut potato samples assessed was found in T2 (cubes) after 0 days of storage, whereas the highest TPC (198.00 µg/g) was observed in T3 (dices) after 48 days of storage (Figure 2). Wang et al. (2015) observed an increasing trend for the TPC of minimally processed potatoes and Furrer et al. (2017) also reported a similar trend in different potato varieties during storage, corroborating the findings of the present study. Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 4/7 Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Irfan, M. et al. Figure 2. Total phenolic compound (TPC) contents of fresh-cut potatoes stored at 4 °C for 60 days. Cut types: T1 = slices, T2 = cubes, T3 = dices, and T4 = wedges. The treatments consisted in dipping the fresh-cut potatoes in a solution containing 3% calcium chloride, metabisulfite 2% citric acid, and 0.3% potassium metabisulfite. Table 1. Interactive cut-type (slices, cubes, dices and wedges) effects for fresh-cut potato stored at 4 °C for 60 days. Parameter TA pH TSS WL AA Treatment T1 (slices) T2 (cubes) T3 (dices) T4 (wedges) T1 (slices) T2 (cubes) T3 (dices) T4 (wedges) T1 (slices) T2 (cubes) T3 (dices) T4 (wedges) T1 (slices) T2 (cubes) T3(dices) T4 (wedges) T1 (slices) T2 (cubes) T3 (dices) T4 (wedges) 0 0.96b 0.97ab 0.96b 0.97ab 4.75s 4.74s 4.74s 4.74s 4.38u 4.37uv 4.36v 4.37uv 0.00u 0.00u 0.00u 0.00u 18.49b 18.50b 18.56a 18.50b 12 0.89d 0.92c 0.98a 0.90d 4.89p 4.79r 4.69t 4.85q 4.54q 4.49s 4.46t 4.51r 1.76q 1.65s 1.50t 1.70r 16.89f 17.13d 17.86c 17.05e 24 0.75h 0.81f 0.85e 0.77g 5.11l 5.04n 4.96o 5.08m 4.76m 4.67o 4.61p 4.70n 2.67m 2.35o 2.05p 2.45n 14.19k 15.85h 16.46g 15.45i 36 0.58l 0.67j 0.72i 0.61k 5.36h 5.25j 5.14k 5.30i 5.03i 4.90k 4.81l 4.94j 5.87i 5.21k 4.65l 5.35j 11.39o 13.67l 14.26 j 13.07m 48 0.31q 0.45n 0.55m 0.37o 5.63e 5.50g 5.37h 5.56f 5.37d 5.17g 5.06h 5.21f 8.44e 7.89g 6.30h 7.97f 9.49s 11.21p 12.96n 10.36r 60 0.05t 0.22r 0.34p 0.14s 6.04a 5.84c 5.65d 5.88b 5.75a 5.54c 5.31e 5.57b 11.47a 10.75c 9.04d 10.92b 6.49v 9.35t 10.86q 8.55u Captions: T1 = slices; T2 = cubes; T3 = dices; T4 = wedges; TA = titratable acidity; TSS = total soluble solids; WL = weight loss; AA = ascorbic acid content. The treatments consisted in dipping the fresh-cut potatoes in a solution containing 3% calcium chloride, 2% citric acid, and 0.3% potassium metabisulfite. The superscript letters after the values show significant difference within the row. 4.7 Microbiological analysis Microbiological safety is known to be a most crucial factor for the storage of minimally processed foods. It was observed that the shelf life of the minimally processed potatoes evaluated was affected throughout the cold storage period. Senescence and maturity reduces firmness and increases cell wall strength, making produce more vulnerable to microbial attack (Silveira et al., 2013, 2017). The lowest microbial count (1.80 log CFU/g) was found in both T3 (dices) and T2 (cubes) after 0 days of storage, whereas the highest count (9.40 log CFU/g) was observed in T1 (slices) after 60 days of storage (Figure 3). Bico et al. (2009) observed smaller increase in the microbial load when minimally processed banana was treated with different chemicals. Cacace et al. (2002) treated fresh-cut potatoes with different chemicals, such as erythorbic acid (5%) and citric acid (1%), and reported a decrease in microbial growth with increase in acidity. Silveira et al. (2017) reported increasing microbial counts during storage at 5 °C, a finding compatible with the results of the present study. Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 5/7 Impact of different cut types on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during storage Irfan, M. et al. Figure 3. Microbial activity of fresh-cut potatoes stored at 4 °C for 60 days. 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Food Control, 23(1), 120-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.021 You, Y., Jiang, Y., Sun, J., Liu, H., Song, L., & Duan, X. (2012). Effects of short-term anoxia treatment on browning of fresh-cut Chinese water chestnut in relation to antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 132(3), 1191-1196. PMid:29243600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.073 Zhao, W., Shehzad, H., Yan, S., Li, J., & Wang, Q. (2017). Acetic acid pretreatment improves the hardness of cooked potato slices. Food Chemistry, 228, 204-210. PMid:28317714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.156 Funding: None. Received: Jan 06, 2019; Accepted: Jun 17, 2019. Braz. J. Food Technol., Campinas, v. 23, e2019005, 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.00519 7/7