Synthesis, X-ray structure determination, cytotoxicity and interactions with 9-methylguanine, of ruthenium(II) η6-arene complexes

Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 1(1), 1-7 1 Doi: 10.14710/jbes.2022.14226 Research Article Microplastic Identification in Fisheries Commodities in Sayung Waters, Demak Fuad Muhammad1,2*, Hadiyanto1, and Abdurrafi Alwan2 Master Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jl. Imam Bardjo, SH, Pleburan, Semarang 50241; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jl. Prof Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang 50 275 1 2 * Correspondence: fuad.muh@gmail.com; Received: 6th Feb 2022 Accepted: 7th April 2022 Published: 15th May 2022 . Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/license s/by/4.0/). Abstract: Each year plastic production worldwide has increased. Approximately 10% of the production of plastic will lead to the sea. This plastic is degraded to be a small particle size < 5mm called microplastic. The river is the main route of entry of plastic from land to the sea. Sayung River is a river that has the potential to be contaminated with microplastics around which it is used as a location for the cultivation of various fisheries commodities including Pernaviridis, Penaeus monodon, and Lates calcarifer. The study aims to determine the number and type of microplastic in Penaeus monodon, Pernaviridis, and Lates calcarifer. Samples were taken from three different stations in the coverage area. Microplastic abundance analysis by isolating microplastic on each sample. Isolation samples of Pernaviridis, Penaeus monodon, and Lates calcarifer are done by dissolving the sample in a solution of 10% KOH was allowed for 24 hours at a temperature of 60 oC and observed under a binocular microscope. Founded types of microplastic are fiber, fragments, pellets, and films on Pernaviridis, Penaeus monodon, and Lates calcarifer. Pernaviridis found on many types of films, in Penaeusmonodon are the most prevalent types of fragments and the Lates calcarifer most common types of fiber. Pellet type is the least kind found in Pernaviridis and Penaeus monodon. Based on the age when taken, Penaeus monodon is the commodity that has the most potential to be contaminated with microplastic while based on the number of particles found in Lates calcarifer is the commodity with the most potential to be contaminated with microplastic. Keywords: Lates calcarifer, Microplastic, Penaeusmonodon, Pernaviridis, Sayung 1. Introduction In 1964 there were 15 million tons of plastic are produced worldwide and increased up to 20-fold by 2014 as many as 311 million tons of plastic are produced a commodity with the most potential to be contaminated with microplastic. (Plastic Europe, 2015). Ministry of Industry (2013) declares that the plastic consumption in Indonesia reached 1.9 million tons during the first 6 months of the year 2013. It indicates that there are about 1.9 tons of plastic waste the potential to pollute the seas of Indonesia in the period. At least 10% of the total plastic into plastic garbage thrown into the sea (Cauwenberghe et al., 2013). Plastic waste carried to the sea consists of various sizes. The waste will run into fragmentation through a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processed (Galgani, 2015) and will be degraded into microplastics, namely plastic waste of less than 5 mm in size (Arthur et al., 2008). Microplastic get into the human body will have a negative impact, which is toxic, causing disruption of the digestive and the endocrine system (Stevenson, 2011). Microplastic marine life can take, directly or through the food chain. Distribution microplastic through the food chain occurs because consuming organisms and other organisms that already contains microplastic (CBD-STAP, 2012). Humans also potentially to consume microplastics because they are consuming marine biota that containing microplastics, such as Pernaviridis, Penaeusmonodon and Lates calcarifer. Coastal land of north beach, especially in the area of the mouth of the river, developing settlement center because the area around the mouth of the river is relatively fertile. Activities performed by humans certainly have side effects that would be detrimental to the environment (Rohmat, 2007). @The Author(s). 2022. Published by CBIORE Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 1(1),1-7 2 Sayung river estuary is one of the bodies of water that potentially exposed to plastic waste which is located in Demak. Sayung river estuary has the potential to be a place of cultivation, but Sayung river estuary area also has some drawbacks. Some of them are the environmental damage caused by waste from the Semarang area carried by the river flow toward the mouth of the river. Plastic waste accounted for 15:49% of all waste paper bins and beat. (KLHK, 2018). However, research on the microplastic content of Pernaviridis, Penaeusmonodon and Lates calcarifer as biota consumption and the cultivation of Sayung region has never been done. Based on this background of this research, the analysis of microplastic content in Penaeus monodon, Pernaviridis, Lates calcarifer, in the Sayung river area. 2. Method 2.1. Determination of Research Station Stations determination based on the coverage area that is in the location of cultivation and catching Penaeus monodon, Pernaviridis, Lates calcarifer in Sayung. Each station of research totaling 3 stations around the mouth of the Sayung river. Each station represents the area of mangrove, estuary, tourist attractions, and around ponds marine residents. 2.2. Environmental Parameters Data Taking Data taken environmental parameters, ie water temperature, pH, salinity, water transparency and dissolved oxygen or dissolved oxygen (DO). Measurement of environmental parameters of data carried by 3 points each station, then take the average value to determine the value of the environmental parameters of each station. Figure 1. Map location of the research station Sayung 2.3. Sampling shrimp (Penaeus monodon), mussels (Pernaviridis) , and fish (Lates calcarifer) Shrimp, fish, and mussels are taken from each of these stations for a total of 27 animals in each organism. Furthermore, shrimp, fish, and mussels preserved in the alcohol based on station. 2.4. Micro plastic Analysis on shrimp (Penaeus monodon), mussels (Pernaviridis) , and fish (Lates calcarifer) The analysis process begins with measuring the length and weight of the Penaeus monodon, Pernaviridis, Lates calcarifer. The Penaeus monodon and Pernaviridis are separated from the shell (De Witte et al., 2014; Devriese et al., 2015). The soft tissue in Lates calcarifer, Pernaviridis and Penaeus monodon that had separated then dissolving with 10% KOH solution were allowed to stand for 24 hours at 60 oC, suspense and then filtered with filter paper. Microplastics are on @The Author(s). 2022. Published by CBIORE Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 1(1),1-7 3 filter paper and then transferred to a Sedge wick Rafter counting chamber and the observed number of microplastic using a microscope binocular with a magnification of 40X. Furthermore, microplastic obtained to be calculated the number of each type and photographed with Optilab Viewer 2.0. (Rochmanet al., 2015). 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Environmental Parameters in the Sayung Area, Demak The range of factors in Table 1. shows that all physical-chemical factors still support the growth of either Pernaviridis, Penaeusmonodon or Lates calcarifer. Pernaviridis can grow optimally at temperatures of 26-32 ° C, 27-35 ppt salinity, dissolved oxygen is worth 6 mg / L, the brightness of 1-7 m, and a pH of 6 to 8.2; Penaeus monodon can grow optimally at temperatures of 26-32 ° C, 19-35 ppt salinity, dissolved oxygen of 5-7 mg / L and a pH of 7 to 8.5 and the Lates calcarifer can grow optimally at salinity 10-35, with temperatures between 27-30 ° C, dissolved oxygen > 4 mg / L and a pH of 7 to 8.5 (Badruddin et al., 2015; Suparjo 2008; Yonvitner & Sukimin, 2004). Table 1, Environmental parameters at three research stations Station Coordinate point Environmental parameters Research Temp (oC) Salinity pH Brightness DO (m) (mg / L) (ppt) 1 6 ° 54'46.6 "S 30.5 32 7.4 3.28 5.52 31 28 7.4 3.44 5.41 30.6 30 7.8 3.52 5.78 110 ° 29'08.9 "E 2 6 ° 55'25.0 "S 110 ° 28'44.1 "E 3 6 ° 55'13.6 "S 110 ° 29'01.2 "E 3.2. Microplastic on Pernaviridis Based on Table 2. the film is the most commonly found on the body of a Pernaviridis with 1941 particles, followed by fiber with 1428 particles. All types of microplastics are found in shells of various sizes and shells measuring 9 cm have the most microplastic particles. Fiber and film microplastic groups are most commonly found in many Pernaviridis. This is related to how to eat the Pernaviridis, are filter feeders. The animals are classified as filter feeders and deposit feeders just take the food around it, they can choose which ones will eat and not be eaten (Rajagopaletal., 2006). Pernaviridis will eat small objects in the environment, whether food or microplastic in the waters. Table 2. the number of particles of each microplastic group in mussels of various sizes. Mussels Microplastic type (Pernaviridis) Total Size pellets fiber Film Fragment 3 cm 16 221 249 50 536 6 cm 78 351 609 177 1215 9 cm 171 856 1083 250 2360 Total 265 1428 1941 477 4111 Average 88.33 476 647 159 1370.33 @The Author(s). 2022. Published by CBIORE Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 1(1),1-7 4 3.3. Microplastic on Penaeus monodon Based on Table 3. The fragment is most commonly found on the part of Penaeus monodon with 2206 particles, followed by the 1785 fiber particles. All kinds of microplastic can be found in Penaeusmonodon of various sizes and at the most containing microplastic particles measuring 21-24 cm. Table 3. Number of particles of each group microplastic in Penaeus monodon of various sizes Shrimp Microplastic type ( Penaeus monodon ) Total size pellets fiber Film Fragment 11-14 cm 87 222 136 276 721 16-19 cm 206 457 239 627 1529 21-24 cm 535 1106 937 1303 3881 Total 828 1785 1312 2206 6131 Average 276 595 437.33 735.33 2043.67 Groups of fragment and fiber are a type of microplastics that are found in Penaeusmonodon. This relates to the nature of Penaeusmonodon are omnivorous, able to adjust to the food available in the neighborhood, not selective, and habitat of Penaeusmonodon that live in the bottom waters (Ghufran & Kordi, 2015). Microplastic is numerous in sediments namely the fibers and fragments, so the Penaeusmonodon may take microplastic of both its groups. 3.4. Microplastic on Lates calcarifer Based on Table 4. The fiber is most commonly found on the Lates calcarifer with 2034 particles, followed by fragments, pellets, and films with 1570, 1551, and 1441 respectively. All kinds of microplastic can be found on the Lates calcarifer in a various size and Lates calcarifer with 24-29 cm long containing particles at most that 3043 microplastic particles. Microplastic fiber group then followed by fragments, pellets, and films in a row are the group most often found until the least found. Research from Lusheretal. (2013) also revealed that the particles are most commonly found in fish are fiber and according to Hapitasari (2016) on the red snapper and grouper fiber is the most abundant particles. Young Lates calcarifer is Carnivora and natural cannibals have a very broad habitat of marine areas are muddy, sandy, until the mangrove ecosystem (Mayunar & Abdul, 2002; Ridho & Patriono, 2016). It is thus possible contamination of Lates calcarifer against microplastic different types from the impact of eating organism contaminated with microplastics. Table 4. Number of particles of each group microplastic on Lates calcarifer various sizes Fish group microplastic ( Lates calcarifer) Total pellets fiber Film Fragment 13-16 cm 188 274 320 309 1091 19-22 cm 630 859 597 376 2462 24-29 cm 733 901 524 885 3043 Total 1551 2034 1441 1570 6596 Average 517 678 480.33 523.33 2198.67 Size @The Author(s). 2022. Published by CBIORE Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2022, 1(1),1-7 5 3.5. Comparison between Fishery Commodities Microplastic Data on Tabel 5. shows the average value of the particle microplastic at Lates calcarifer, Pernaviridis and Penaeus monodon were each taken from 27 sample. Microplastic most commonly found in fish (Lates calcarifer) with a value of particle 2198.67, followed by 2043.67 shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with particles and Pernaviridis with particle 1370.33. Fragment type most commonly found in Penaeus monodon with 735.33 particle, film types most often found in Pernaviridis with 647 particles, fibers and pellets kind most commonly found in Lates calcarifer with a value of 678 consecutive and 517 particles. Table 5. The average value of particle microplastic in fishery commodities Microplastic type Fishery Total Commodities pellets fiber Film Fragment Mussels (Pernaviridis) 88.33 476 647 159 1370.33 Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) 276 595 437.33 735.33 2043.67 Fish ( Lates calcarifer) 517 678 480.33 523.33 2198.67 The size of Pernaviridis taken is 3-9 cm, Pernaviridis have a growth rate of 0.7-1 cm every month (Sudrajat, 2015). This shows that Pernaviridis measuring 9 cm can be 9 - 12.85 months old. Penaeus monodon size taken is 11-24 cm, Penaeus monodon has a growth rate of 0.236-0.288 cm/day (Siboro et al., 2014). Penaeus monodon measuring 24 cm means the Penaeus monodon is 2.78 - 3.39 months old. While the size of Lates calcarifer taken is 13-29 cm, the Lates calcarifer can grow up to 30 cm in 6 months (Anil et al., 2010). Lates calcarifer measuring 29 cm means having age between 5-6 months. Viewing of age at the time taken by the number of particles found in the Penaeus monodon commodities are commodities that are most polluted by microplastic. In a shorter time, Lates calcarifer contains almost the same number of microplastic particles as Penaeus monodon. It caused of Penaeus monodon being detritus eaters of various types of crustaceans, gastropods, bivalves, annelids, nematodes and small fish (Hermansah, 2000). When the food shortage Penaeusmonodon also cannibals. Pernaviridis are also potentially highly polluted commodities, It although have lower microplastic particles than fish and shrimp. Pernaviridis are sessile animals that live attached to the substrate, the content of the number of microplastic particles is half of the microplastic content in shrimp and fish. It could be, because Pernaviridis are filter feeders, that filtering water and getting food directly from water without being able to choose the food (Suryono, 2013). Pernaviridis will accidentally eat microplastics in Sayung waters that containing 213 particles / L. The way to reduce the microplastic content in fishery commodities is by purification treatment it carried out the transfer of commodities from polluted native habitat to controlled habitats with minimal contamination from microplastics. In the study of Cauwenberghe & Janssen (2014) in purified shells, there was a decrease in the average microplastic content compared to before purification. 4. Conclusion Type of Microplastic fiber, fragments, pellets, and films on Pernaviridis, Penaeus monodon, and Lates calcarifer was found. In the Pernaviridis found kinds of films with 1941 the number of particles. 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