Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(dtzp)(dppz)Cl] + and [Ru(dtzp)(dppz)CH 3 CN] 2+ for photodynamic therapy

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 824 (2016) 493–495 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors as flatness and mechanical stretching sensors D. Abbaneo r, M. Abbas r, M. Abbrescia b, A.A. Abdelalim i, M. Abi Akl n, O. Aboamer h, D. Acosta p, A. Ahmad t, W. Ahmed i, W. Ahmed t, A. Aleksandrov ac, R. Aly i, P. Altieri b, C. Asawatangtrakuldee c, P. Aspell r, Y. Assran h, I. Awan t, S. Bally r, Y. Ban c, S. Banerjee u, V. Barashko p, P. Barria e, G. Bencze g, N. Beni k, L. Benussi o,n, V. Bhopatkar x, S. Bianco o, J. Bos r, O. Bouhali n, A. Braghieri aa, S. Braibant d, S. Buontempo z, C. Calabria b, M. Caponero o, C. Caputo b, F. Cassese z, A. Castaneda n, S. Cauwenbergh s, F.R. Cavallo d, A. Celik j, M. Choi ag, S. Choi ae, J. Christiansen r, A. Cimmino s, S. Colafranceschi r, A. Colaleo b, A. Conde Garcia r, S. Czellar k, M.M. Dabrowski r, G. De Lentdecker e, R. De Oliveira r, G. De Robertis b, S. Dildick j,s, B. Dorney r, W. Elmetenawee i, G. Endroczi g, F. Errico b, A. Fenyvesi k, S. Ferry r, I. Furic p, P. Giacomelli d, J. Gilmore j, V. Golovtsov q, L. Guiducci d, F. Guilloux ab, A. Gutierrez m, R.M. Hadjiiska ac, A. Hassan i, J. Hauser w, K. Hoepfner a, M. Hohlmann x, H. Hoorani t, P. Iaydjiev ac, Y.G. Jeng ag, T. Kamon j, P. Karchin m, A. Korytov p, S. Krutelyov j, A. Kumar l, H. Kim ag, J. Lee ag, T. Lenzi e, L. Litov ad, F. Loddo b, A. Madorsky p, T. Maerschalk e, M. Maggi b, A. Magnani aa, P.K. Mal f, K. Mandal f, A. Marchioro r, A. Marinov r, R. Masod h, N. Majumdar u, J.A. Merlin r,ah, G. Mitselmakher p, A.K. Mohanty y, S. Mohamed h, A. Mohapatra x, J. Molnar k, S. Muhammad t,o, S. Mukhopadhyay u, M. Naimuddin l, S. Nuzzo b, E. Oliveri r, L.M. Pant y, P. Paolucci z, I. Park ag, G. Passeggio z, L. Passamonti o, B. Pavlov ad, B. Philipps a, D. Piccolo o, D. Pierluigi o, H. Postema r, A. Puig Baranac r, A. Radi h, R. Radogna b, G. Raffone o, A. Ranieri b, G. Rashevski ac, C. Riccardi aa, M. Rodozov ac, A. Rodrigues r, L. Ropelewski r, S. RoyChowdhury u, A. Russo o, G. Ryu ag, M.S. Ryu ag, A. Safonov j, S. Salva s, G. Saviano o, A. Sharma b, A. Sharma r, R. Sharma l, A.H. Shah l, M. Shopova ac, J. Sturdy m, G. Sultanov ac, S.K. Swain f, Z. Szillasi k, J. Talvitie v, A. Tatarinov j, T. Tuuva v, M. Tytgat s, I. Vai aa, M. Van Stenis r, R. Venditti b, E. Verhagen e, P. Verwilligen b, P. Vitulo aa, S. Volkov q, A. Vorobyev q, D. Wang c, M. Wang c, U. Yang af, Y. Yang e, R. Yonamine e, N. Zaganidis s, F. Zenoni e, A. Zhang x a RWTH Aachen University, III Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany INFN Bari and University of Bari, Bari, Italy Peking University, Beijing, China d INFN Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy e Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium f National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India g Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary h Academy of Scientific Research and Technology – Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics, ASRT-ENHEP, Cairo, Egypt i Helwan University & CTP, Cairo, Egypt j Texas A&M University, College Station, USA k Institute for Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen, Hungary l University of Delhi, Delhi, India m Wayne State University, Detroit, USA n Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar o Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati – INFN, Frascati, Italy p University of Florida, Gainesville, USA q Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, Russia r CERN, Geneva, Switzerland s Ghent University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent, Belgium t National Center for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan b c http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2016.01.059 0168-9002/& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 494 D. Abbaneo et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 824 (2016) 493–495 u Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland w University of California, Los Angeles, USA x Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, USA y Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India z INFN Napoli, Napoli, Italy aa INFN Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy ab IRFU CEA-Saclay, Saclay, France ac Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria ad Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria ae Korea University, Seoul, South Korea af Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ag University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea ah Institut Pluridisciplinaire – Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France v art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Available online 27 January 2016 A novel approach which uses Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors has been utilized to assess and monitor the flatness of Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM) foils. The setup layout and preliminary results are presented. & 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: FBG sensors Triple-GEM detector Mechanical stretching Foils planarity Gas detectors 1. FBG sensors as a strain measurement To upgrade the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) muon system 144 GEM chambers will be installed in the high pseudorapidity region of CMS during Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) of the Large Hadron Collider [1]. The GEMs can provide extra leverage on precision studies of standard model physics, as well as open up a window to explore exotic signatures with muons in the high eta region [2]. The GEM chambers will be located close to the beam pipe where a high flux of low Pt muons is expected. The GEM chambers can easily handle this rate due to their high rate capability of 100 MHz/ cm2. The large active area of each GE1/1 (GEM Endcap) chamber, approximately 0.4 m2 [3], consists of a triple-GEM foil stack. These foils need to be stretched simultaneously in order to secure the planarity and consequent uniform performance of the GE1/1 chamber [4]. The GE1/1 detector technology used for CMS is described in detail in these same conference proceedings (Elba 2015) by Gilles De Lentdecker with title “Status Report of the Upgrade of the CMS muon system with triple-GEM detectors”. The FBG sensors act as low cost precision spatial and temperature sensing tools and they are commonly used for strain measurements [5–7]. In this work FBG sensors are used to measure the planarity and mechanical tension of the GEM foils in the GE1/1 chambers. A FBG is a type of distributed Bragg reflector, constructed in a short segment of optical fiber that reflects particular wavelengths of light and transmits all others. The sensitivity of FBG in terms of strain, defined as relative elongation w.r.t. the initial position is of the order of 0.1 micron. This is achieved by creating a periodic variation in the refractive index of the fiber core, which generates a wavelength-specific dielectric mirror. Therefore it can be used as a strain measurement tool since variation of the FBG translates into a different light frequency response. In order to validate the mechanical stretching technique a network of FBG sensors is affixed on the triple-GEM stack. Each sensor is glued on the GEM foil using a very thin layer of epoxy glue. The test is performed by modifying the stretching conditions of the GEM foils stack with real time monitoring and recording of n Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: luigi.benussi@lnf.infn.it (L. Benussi), saleh.muhammad@cern.ch (S. Muhammad). the FBG sensors data. The test starts with the chamber normally assembled with the GEM stack mechanically stretched to the nominal tensile load. After some time, when the initial conditions are stabilized, the mechanical stretching of the GEMs is released and kept in such condition for several hours. Finally the GEMs are stretched again up to the nominal tensile load. The trends of the FBG sensors are shown in Fig. 1 (Left). The steep variations of the strain evident in Fig. 1 (Left) correspond to the actions of unscrewing and screwing the mechanical stretchers during the test. The initial stretch value is assumed as reference condition with strain ¼ 0. When stretchers are un-screwed the strain goes to the lower value, different strain values apply to different foils as they fold quasi-free and assume unequal conditions. After the stretchers are screwed back, the strain value is similar for all foils, showing that they all experience similar stretching, about the original value of the reference condition. Thus it can be inferred that at the predetermined tensile load all foils reach a similar stretched level although they started from different values. From the plot it can be seen that all the sensors of the network react at the same moment. These results allow us to validate the mechanical stretching assembly technique for GE1/1 chambers. Further tests are ongoing to confirm other important parameters such as the optimal tensile load to be applied to the GEMs and the maximum planarity obtainable for the GEMs without applying a load beyond the Young's region for GEM foils. In Fig. 1 (Right), the mutual comparison of two GEM foils (the bottom and the middle ones) shows the almost perfect correlation between the two strain measured demonstrating that all the foils realize almost the same strain during the assembly. This shows that the adopted stretching technique is validated at nominal tensile stress. 2. Conclusion By using the FBG sensors we successfully demonstrated that the mechanical stretching technique adopted to assemble the GE1/ 1 chambers is reliable and secures the correct tensioning of the three foils. By applying the correct tension across the GEM stack a uniform gap spacing can be obtained, which is extremely important to get the required performance of the detector. Several tests D. Abbaneo et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 824 (2016) 493–495 495 Fig. 1. (Left) Three regions corresponding to the mechanical stretched, loose and again stretched triple GEM foils stack respectively. (Right) The correlation of the strains measured in two different foils of the stack. are ongoing by using the same FBG sensors to optimize the tensile load in order to avoid damage and guarantee planarity of the GEM foils. Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support of FRS-FNRS (Belgium), FWO-Flanders (Belgium), BSF-MES (Bulgaria), BMBF (Germany), DAE (India), DST (India), INFN (Italy), NRF (Korea), QNRF (Qatar), and DOE (USA). References [1] D. Abbaneo, et al., Performance of a large-area gem detector prototype for the upgrade of the cms muon endcap system, arXiv:1412.0228v2, 8 December 2014. [2] D. Abbaneo, et al., Journal of Instrumentation 9 (2014) C10036 〈http:// iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/9/10/C10036/〉. [3] A. Colaleo, et al., CMS Technical design report for the muon endcap GEM upgrade, CERN-LHCC-2015-012, CMS-TDR-013, 2013, 〈https://cds.cern.ch/ record/2021453〉. [4] D. Abbaneo, et al., Status of the triple-GEM project for the upgrade of the CMS muon system, 2013, 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/12/C12031〉. [5] L. Benussi, et al., Nuclear Physics B – Proceedings Supplements 172 (2007) 263–265. [6] M. Caponero, et al., Use of fiber optic technology for relative humidity monitoring in RPC detectors, in: Published in PoS RPC2012, 2012, p. 073. [7] L. Benussi, et al., A novel temperature monitoring sensor for gas-based detectors in large HEP experiments, 2012, 〈http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2012.02. 400〉.