Aminoquinoline-based ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes: Investigating potential photosensitisers for cancer treatment via photodynamic therapy

Publications Using Pinnacle’s Products April 21, 2026 Peer-Reviewed Publications Using Pinnacle Technology’s Products (Exception is paper by Hu et al that provides an overview of the sensor technology) Go to: Sensors, Capillary Electrophoresis, FSCV, Seizure, Sleep, Sleep + Sensor, Other Sensors Afzal, A., Kiyatkin, A.E. (2019) Interactions of benzodiazepines with heroin: Respiratory depression, temperature effects, and behavior. Neuropharmacology. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107677 Agnesi, F., Blaha, C.D., Lin, J., & Lee, K.H. (2010). Local glutamate release in the rat ventral lateral thalamus evoked by high-frequency stimulation. Journal of Neural Engineering, 7(2). doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/7/2/026009 Agnesi, F., Tye, S.J., Bledsoe, J.M., Griessenauer, C.J., Kimble, C.J., Sieck, G.C., Bennet, K.E., Garris, P.A., Blaha, C.D., Lee, K.H. (2009). Wireless instantaneous neurotransmitter concentration system-based amperometric detection of dopamine, adenosine, and glutamate for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring. Journal of Neurosurgery, 111(4), 701-711. doi: 10.3171/2009.3.JNS0990 Aizawa, H., Sun, W., Sugiyama, K., Itou, Y., Aida, T., Cui, W., Toyoda, S., Terai, H., Yanagisawa, M., Tanaka, K.. (2020) Glial glutamate transporter GLT1 determines susceptibility to spreading depression in the mouse cerebral cortex. Glia. doi: 10.1002/glia.23874 Aluisio, L., Fraser, I., Berdyyeva, T., Tryputsen, V., Shireman, B.T., Shoblock, J., Lovenberg, T., Dugovic, C., Bonaventure, P. (2014). Pharmacological or genetic orexin1 receptor inhibition attenuates MK-801 induced glutamate release in mouse cortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 107. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00107 Beamer, E, Engel T. (2019) Using Amperometric, Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Performing Longitudinal Measurements of Extracellular Adenosine 5Triphosphate in the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol. 2041:197-207. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_14 Behrend, C.E., Cassim, S.M., Pallone, M.J., Daubenspeck, J.A., Hartov, A., Roberts, D.W., & Leiter, J.C. (2009). Toward feedback controlled deep brain stimulation: Dynamics of glutamate release in the subthalamic nucleus in rats. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 180(2), 278-289. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.04.001 Beland, A. (2023) The Complementary Roles of Glucose and Lactate in Meeting Neuronal Energetic Needs: An Investigation into the Modulation of Cortical Metabolism and Extracellular Metabolite Pools in the Mouse. Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Experimental Psychology, University of Ottawa. https://ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/45537/1/Beland_Alexandria_2023_thesis.pdf Béland-Millar, A., Kirby, A., Truong, Y., Ouellette, J., Yandiev, S., Bouyakdan, K., Pileggi, C., Naz, S., Yin, M., Carrier, M., Kotchetkov, P., St-Pierre, M-K., Tremblay, M-E., Courchet, J., Harper, M-E., Alquier, T., Messier, C., Shuhendler, A.J., Lacoste, B. (2023) 16p11.2 haploinsufficiency reduces mitochondrial biogenesis in brain endothelial cells and alters brain metabolism in adult mice. Cell Reports, (2023) 13(4), 480. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112485 Béland-Millar, A., Messier, C. (2022) Voluntary Behavior and Training Conditions Modulate in vivo Extracellular Glucose and Lactate in the Mouse Primary Motor Cortex. Front Neurosci. 2022 Jan 4;15:732242. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.732242 Béland-Millar, A., Larcher, J., Courtemanche, J, Yuan, T., & Messier, C. (2017). Effects of systemic metabolic fuels on glucose and lactate levels in the brain extracellular compartment of the mouse. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11(7). doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00007 Béland-Millar, A. & Messier, C. (2018). Fluctuations of extracellular glucose and lactate in the mouse primary visual cortex during visual stimulation. Behavioural Brain Research, 344, 91-102. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.018 Benbow, T., Cairns, B.E. (2021). Dysregulation of the peripheralglutamatergic system: A key player inmigraine pathogenesis?. Cephalalgia. June 2021. doi:10.1177/03331024211017882 Benomar, M., Huang, M-H., Chu, S.S., Xia, X., Cao, H. (2024). Polarized IrOx Enables Novel Referencing for Biocompatible L-Glutamate Sensors. 2024 IEEE SENSORS, Kobe, Japan, 2024, pp. 1-4. doi: 10.1109/SENSORS60989.2024.10784834 Bingul, D., Kalra, K., Murata, E.M., Belser, A., Dash, M.B. (2020). Persistent changes in extracellular lactate dynamics following synaptic potentiation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 175, 107314. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107314 Bola, R.A. & Kiyatkin, E.A. (2016). Robust brain hyperglycemia during general anesthesia: Relationships with metabolic brain inhibition and vasodilation. Frontiers in Physiology, 7, Article 39. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00039 1 Go to: Biosensors, Capillary Electrophoresis, FSCV, Seizure, Sleep, Sleep + Biosensor, Other Bola, R.A. & Kiyatkin, E.A. (2018). Inflow of oxygen and glucose into brain tissue induced by intravenous norepinephrine: Relationships with central metabolic and peripheral vascular responses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 119(2), 499-508. doi: 10.1152/jn.00692.2017 Bollella, P. (2022) Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors: 60 years later … Quo Vadis?. Analytica Chimica Acta, Volume 1234, 2022 November 22, 340517. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340517 Bonaventure, P., Aluisio, L., Shoblock, J., Boggs, J.D., Fraser, I.C., Lord, B., Lovenberg, T., Galici, R. (2011). Pharmacological blockade of serotonin 5HT7 receptor reverses working memory deficits in rats by normalizing cortical glutamate neurotransmission. PLoS ONE, 6(6), 1-7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020210 Cairns, B.E., Dong, X., Mann, M.K., Svensson, P., Sessle, B.J., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & McErlane, K.M. (2007). Systemic administration of monosodium glutamate elevates intramuscular glutamate levels and sensitizes rat masseter muscle afferent fibers. Pain, 132, 33-41. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.023 Chang, S., Shon, Y.M., Agnesi, F., & Lee, K.H. (2009). Microthalamotomy effect during deep brain stimulation: Potential involvement of adenosine and glutamate efflux. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference of the IEEE, 3294-3297. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333735 Cherion, D., Armgarth, A., Beni, V. Linderhed, U., Tybrandt, K., Nillsson, D., Simon, T., Berggren, M., (2019) Large-area printed organic electronic ion pumps. Flex. Print. Electron. 4 022001 doi:10.1088/2058-8585/ab17b1 Chernov, M.M., Swan, C.B., Leiter, J.C. (2023) In Search of a Feedback Signal for Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation: Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Reveals Altered Glutamate Dynamics in the Globus Pallidus in Anesthetized, 6-Hydroxydopamine-Treated Rats. Biosensors, Volume 42, Issue 5, 30 May 2023, 112485. doi: 10.3390/bios13040480 Choi, S., Noya, M.R., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2024). Oxygen fluctuations in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl: 5 effects of dose and drug experience. Journal of Neurophysiology, 12 June 2024, 38863429. doi: 10.1152/jn.00177.2024 Choi, S., Irwin, M.R., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2023) Xylazine effects on opioid-induced brain hypoxia. bioRxiv, Preprint (2023). doi: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535103 Choi, S., Irwin, M.R., Noya, M.R., Shaham, Y., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2023). Combined treatment with naloxone and the alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole reversed brain hypoxia induced by a fentanyl-xylazine mixture in a rat model. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2023 Dec 20. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01782-2 Choi, S., Noya, M.R., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2024). Oxygen fluctuations in the brain and periphery induced by intravenous fentanyl: 5 effects of dose and drug experience. Journal of Neurophysiology, 12 June 2024, 38863429. doi: 10.1152/jn.00177.2024 Chowdhury, G.M.I., Wang, P., Ciardi, A., Mamillapalli, R., Johnson, J., Zhu, W., Eid, T., Behar, K., Chan, O. (2017). Impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission in the VMH may contribute to defective counterregulation in recurrently hypoglycemic rats. Diabetes, 66(5). doi: 10.2337/db16-1589 Constantino, N.J., Carroll, C.M., Williams, H.C., Yuede, C.M., Sheehan, P.W., Snipes, J.A., Musiek, E.S., Johnson, L.A., Macauley, S.L. (2024). Kir6.2KATP channels alter glycolytic flux to modulate cortical activity, arousal, and sleep-wake homeostasis. Preprint bioRxiv, 2024. doi: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581817 Cordeiro, C.A., de Vries, M.G., Ngabi, W., Oomen, P.E., Cremers, T.I.F.H., & Westerink, B.H.C. (2015). In vivo continuous and simultaneous monitoring of brain energy substrates with a multiplex amperometric enzyme-based biosensor device. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 67, 677-686. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.101 Corva, D.M., Adams, S.D., Bennet, K.E., Berk, M., Kouzani, A.Z. (2021). Miniature FSCV Devices: A Review. IEEE Sensors Journal. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2021.3069950 Curay, C.M., Irwin, M.R., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2023) The pattern of brain oxygen response induced by intravenous fentanyl limits the time window of therapeutic efficacy of naloxone. Neuropharmacology, 231, (2023), 109507. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109507 Curay, C.M., Irwin, M.R., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2022) Rapid fluctuations in brain oxygenation during glucose-drinking behavior in trained rats. Journal of Neurophysiology, Volume 127, Issue 2, February 2022. doi: 10.1152/jn.00527.2021 Endo, H., Takahashi, E., Murata, M., Ohnuki, H., Ren, H., Tsugawa, W., & Sode, K. (2010). Wireless monitoring of blood glucose levels in flatfish with a needle biosensor. Fisheries Science, 76(4), 687-694. doi: 10.1007/s12562-010-0256-0 Endo, H., Yonemori, Y., Hibi, K., Ren, H., Hayashi, T., Tsugawa, W., & Sode, K. (2009). Wireless enzyme sensor system for real-time monitoring of blood glucose levels in fish. Biosensors Bioelectronics, 24(5), 1417-1423. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.038 Forderhase, A.G., Styers, H.C., Lee, C.A., Sombers, L.A. (2020) Simultaneous voltammetric detection of glucose and lactate fluctuations in rat striatum evoked by electrical stimulation of the midbrain. Anal Bioanal Chem, 412, 6611–6624 (2020). doi: 10.1007/s00216-020-02797-0 2 Go to: Biosensors, Capillary Electrophoresis, FSCV, Seizure, Sleep, Sleep + Biosensor, Other Funada, M., Takebayashi-Ohsawa, M., Tomiyama, K. (2020). Synthetic cannabinoids enhanced ethanol-induced motor impairments through reduction of central glutamate neurotransmission. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Volume 408, 115283. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115283 Gass, J.T. & Olive, M.F. (2012). Neurochemical and neurostructural plasticity in alcoholism. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 3(7), 494-504. doi: 10.1021/cn300013p Gass, J.T., Sinclair, C.M., Cleva, R.M., Widholm, J.J., & Olive, M.F. (2011). Alcohol-seeking behavior is associated with increased glutamate transmission in basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens as measured by glutamate-oxidase-coated biosensors. Addiction Biology, 16(2), 215-228. doi: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00262.x Gazerani, P., Au, S., Dong, X., Kumar, U., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Cairns, B.E. (2010). Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) decreases the mechanical sensitivity of nociceptors and inhibits neurogenic vasodilation in a craniofacial muscle targeted for migraine prophylaxis. Pain, 151(3), 606-616. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.029 Gifford, R., Batchelor, M.M., Lee, Y., Gokulrangan, G., Meyerhoff, M.E., & Wilson, G.S. (2005). Mediation of in vivo glucose sensor inflammatory response via nitric oxide release. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 75(4), 755-766. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.30359 Gifford, R., Kehoe, J.J., Barnes, S.L., Kornilayev, B.A., Alterman, M.A., & Wilson, G.S. (2006). Protein interactions with subcutaneously implanted biosensors. Biomaterials, 27(12), 2587-2598. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.033 Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2011). An implantable biochip to influence patient outcomes following trauma-induced hemorrhage. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399(1), 403-419. doi: 10.1007/s00216-010-4271-x Guyenet, S.J., Matsen, M.E., Morton, G.J., Kaiyala, K.J., & Schwartz, M.W. (2013). Rapid glutamate release in the mediobasal hypothalamus accompanies feeding and is exaggerated by an obesogenic food. Molecular Metabolism, 2(2), 116-122. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.02.001 Guyo, G.A., Pavlova, O.N., Blokhina, I.A., Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, O.V., Pavlov, A.N. (2022) Multiresolution wavelet analysis of transients: numerical simulations and application to EEG. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top (2022). doi: 10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00710-7 Hakim, A.W., Dong, X., & Cairns, B.E. (2011). TNFα mechanically sensitizes masseter muscle nociceptors by increasing prostaglandin E2 levels. Journal of Neurophysiology, 105(1), 154-161. doi: 10.1152/jn.00730.2010 Hallock, H.L., Adiraju, S.S., Miranda-Barrientos, J., McInerney, J.M., Oh, S., DeBrosse, A.C., Li, Y., Carr, G.V., Martinowich, K. (2023) Electrophysiological correlates of attention in the locus coeruleus–prelimbic cortex circuit during the rodent continuous performance test. Neuropsychopharmacology, 279, 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41386-023-01692-3 Hataoka, K., Kaizaki-Mitsumotor, A., Takebayashi-Ohsawa, M., Hattori, N., Funada, M., Numazawa, S. (2019) Hyperreflexia induced by XLR-11 smoke is caused by the pyrolytic degradant. Forensic Toxicol doi: 10.1007/s11419-019-00476-z Hibi, K., Hatanaka, K., Takase, M., Ren, H., & Endo, H. (2012). Wireless biosensor system for real-time L-lactic acid monitoring in fish. Sensors, 112(4), 6269-6281. doi: 10.3390/s120506269 Hu, Y., Mitchell, K.M., Albahadily, F.N., Michaelis, E.K., & Wilson, G.S. (1994). Direct measurement of glutamate release in the brain using a dual enzymebased electrochemical sensor. Brain Research, 659(1-2), 117-125. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90870-2 Hughes, G., Pemberton, R.M., Fielden, P.R., & Hart, J.P. (2016). The design, development and application of electrochemical glutamate biosensors. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 79, 106-113. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.020 Ionescu, I., Allers, K., Arban, R., Dorner-Ciossek, C., & Kussmaul, L. (2017). Glutamate levels measured by glutamate voltammetry in the rat prefrontal cortex after treatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(4), S651-S652. doi: 10.1016/S0924-977X(17)31220-8 Irwin, M.R., Curay, C.M., Choi, S., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2023) Basic physiological effects of ketamine-xylazine mixture as a general anesthetic preparation for rodent surgeries. Brain Research, Volume 1804, April 2023, 1482551. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148251 Irwin, M.R., Curay, C.M., Choi, S., Kiyatkin, E.A. (2023) Basic metabolic and vascular effects of ketamine and its interaction with fentanyl. Neuropharmacology, Volume 228, May 2023, 109465. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109465 Isherwood, S.N., Robbins, T.W., Dalley, J.W., & Pekcec, A. (2018). Bidirectional variation in glutamate efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex induced by selective positive and negative allosteric mGluR5 modulators. Journal of Neurochemistry. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14290 Jamal, M., Chakrabarty, S., Yousuf, M.A., Khosla, A., & Razeeb, K.M. (2018). Micro and nanostructure based electrochemical sensor platform for glutamate detection. Microsystem Technologies, 1-14. doi: 10.1007/s00542-018-3710-z Janke, E., Zhang, M., Eun Ryu, S., Bhattarai, J.P., Schreck, M.R., Moberly, A.H., Luo, W., Ding, L., Wesson, D.W., Ma, M. (2022) Machine learning-based clustering and classification of mouse behaviors via respiratory patterns. iScience. 25, 105625. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105625 Joshi, J., Kodama, T., Siegel, J. (2014). Caffeine promotes glutamate and histamine release in the posterior hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2014 Sep 15;307(6):R704-10. doi: org/10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2014 3 Go to: Biosensors, Capillary Electrophoresis, FSCV, Seizure, Sleep, Sleep + Biosensor, Other Jung, J., Kang, J., Kim, T. (2023) Attenuation of homeostatic sleep response and rest-activity circadian rhythm in vitamin D deficient mice. Chronobiology International, 40:8, 1097-1110, 2023. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2253299 Kamijo, Y., Machler, P., Ness, N., Vu, CQ., Kusakizako, T., Mannuthodikayil, J., Ku, Z., Boisvert, M., Grebenik, E., Miyazaki, I., Hashizume, R., Sato, H., Liu, R., Hori, Y., Tomita, T., Katayama, T., Furube, A., Caraveo, G., Paquet, M-E., Drobizhev, M., Nureki, O., Arai, S., Brancaccio, M., Campbell, RE., Kleinfeld, D., Nasu, Y. (2025). A red fluorescent genetically encoded biosensor for in vivo imaging of extracellular l-lactate dynamics. Nature Communications, 16, Article number: 9531, 2025. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-64484-x Kennedy, F. McMinn, A., Martin, A. (2022) Short Note: Extracellular Export and Consumption of Glucose in Antarctic Sea Ice. Polar Biology, 45, 763–768 (2022). doi: 10.1007/s00300-022-03031-6 Kim, J., Imani, S., de Araujo, W.R., Warchall, J., Valdes-Ramirez, G., Paixao, T.R.L.C., … & Wang, J. (2015). Wearable salivary uric acid mouthguard biosensor with integrated wireless electronics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 74, 1061-1069. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.039 Kim, I., Lai, P-H., Lobo, R., & Gluckman, B. (2014). Challenges in wearable personal health monitoring systems. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 5264-5267. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944813 Kim, M.H., Yoon, H., Wellman, L.L., Sanford, L.D. (2013). In-vivo Sensing of Glutamate Levels in the Basolateral Amygdala Across Sleep-Wake States. SENSORS, 2013 IEEE, Baltimore, MD, pp. 1-3. doi: 10.1109/ICSENS.2013.6688211 Kinlein, S.A., Wallace, N.K., Savenkova, M.I., Karatsoreos, I.N. (2022) Chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disruption alters glutamate homeostasis and neural responses to stress in male C57Bl6/N mice. Neurobiology of Stress, Volume 19, 2022 July, 100466. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100466 Kiyatkin, E.A. & Smirnov, M.S. (2010). Rapid EEG desynchronization and EMG activation induced by intravenous cocaine in freely moving rats: A peripheral, nondopamine neural triggering. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Physiology, 298(2), R285R300. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00628.2009 Kiyatkin, E.A. & Lenoir, M. (2011). Intravenous saline injection as an interoceptive signal in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 217(3), 387-396. doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2294-4 Kiyatkin, E.A. & Lenoir, M. (2012). Rapid fluctuations in extracellular brain glucose levels induced by natural arousing stimuli and intravenous cocaine: Fueling the brain during neural activation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 108(6), 1669-1684. doi: 10.1152/jn.00521.2012 Kiyatkin, E.A., Wakabayashi, K.T., & Lenoir, M. (2013). Physiological fluctuations in brain temperature as a factor affecting electrochemical evaluations of extracellular glutamate and glucose in behavioral experiments. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 4(5), 652-665. doi: 10.1021/cn300232m Kiyatkin, E. A., (2019) Respiratory depression and brain hypoxia induced by opioid drugs: morphine, oxycodone, heroin, and fentanyl. Neuropharmacology. pii: S0028-3908(18)30624-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.008 Kotanen, C.N. & Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2012). Bioactive electroconductive hydrogels yield novel biotransducers for glucose. Macromolecular Symposia, 317318(1), 187-197. doi: 10.1002/masy.201100164 Kotanen, C.N. & Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2013). Characterization of a wireless potentiostat for integration with a novel implantable biotransducer. Sensors Journal, IEEE, 14(3), 768-776. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2013.2288059 Kotanen, C. & Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2013). Wireless system with multianalyte implantable biotransducer. Security and Privacy for Implantable Medical Devices, 83-91. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1674-6_3 Kotanen, C.N., Karunwi, O., Alam, F., Uyehara, C.F.T., & Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2018). Fabrication and in vitro performance of a dual responsive lactate and glucose biosensor. Electrochimica Acta, 267, 71-79. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.02.042 Kotanen, C.N., Karunwi, O., & Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2014). Biofabrication using pyrrole electropolymerization for the immobilization of glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase on implanted microfabricated biotransducers. Bioengineering, 1, 85-110. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering1010085 Kuebler, I.R.K., Jolton, J.A., Hermreck, C., Hubbard, N.A., Wakabayashi, K.T. (2022) Contrasting dose-dependent effects of acute intravenous methamphetamine on lateral hypothalamic extracellular glucose dynamics in male and female rats. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2022 September 29. doi: 10.1152/jn.00257.2022 Lee, K.H., Hitti, F.L., Chang, S-Y., Lee, D.C., Roberts, D.W., McIntyre, C.C., & Leiter, J.C. (2011). High frequency stimulation abolishes thalamic network oscillations: An electrophysiological and computational analysis. Journal of Neural Engineering, 8(4), 1-11. doi: 1010.1088/17412560/8/4/046001 Lee, K.H., Kristic, K., van Hoff, R., Hitti, F.L., Blaha, C., Harris, B., Roberts, D.W., Leiter, J.C. (2007). High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases glutamate in the subthalamic nucleus of rats as demonstrated by in vivo enzyme-linked glutamate sensor. Brain Research, 1162(8), 121-129. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.021 Lengacher, S., Finsterwald, C., Magistretti, P. (2020) Compositions and methods of treatment for neurological disorders comprising motor neuron diseases. United States Patent Application 20200325148, Gliapharm SA (Geneva, CH), US Patent App. 16/955,227. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2020/0325148.html 4 Go to: Biosensors, Capillary Electrophoresis, FSCV, Seizure, Sleep, Sleep + Biosensor, Other Lengacher, S., Finsterwald, C., Magistretti, P. (2020) Compositions and methods of treatment for neurological disorders comprising a dementia. United States Patent Application 20200339591, Gliapharm SA (Geneva, CH), US Patent App. 16/955811. https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2020/0339591.html Lenoir, M. & Kiyatkin, E. (2013). Intravenous nicotine injection induces rapid, experience-dependent sensitization of glutamate release in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Journal of Neurochemistry, 127(4), 541-551. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12450 Lerchundi, R., Fernandez-Moncada, I., Contreras-Baeza, Y., Sotelo-Hitschfeld, T., Machler, P., Wyss, M.T., Stobart, J., Baeza-Lehnert, F., Alegria, K., Weber, B., Barros, L.F. (2015). NH4+ triggers the release of astrocytic lactate via mitochondrial pyruvate shunting. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(35), 11090-11095. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1508259112 Li, B. & Freeman, R.D. (2015). Neurometabolic coupling between neural activity, glucose and lactate in activated visual cortex. 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