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Structural characteristics and biological properties of new pseudo-octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes containing a biphenyl moiety
Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science
Vol 5(1) 2023: 184-196
APPLICATION OF E-GLASS JUTE HYBRID LAMINATE COMPOSITE
WITH CURVED SHAPE ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CYLINDRICAL COLUMN CONCRETE
Achmad Jusuf Zulfikar1,2, Mohd Yuhazri Yaakob1*, Rahmad Syah3
Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering, Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Medan Area, Jl.
Kolam No. 1, Medan Estate, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia2
CoE-PUIN, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Medan Area, Jl. Kolam No. 1, Medan Estate,
Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia3
yuhazri@utem.edu.my
Received : 10 May 2023, Revised: 01 September 2023, Accepted : 07 October 2023
*Corresponding Author
ABSTRACT
This study provides a better understanding of reinforcing cylindrical concrete columns (CCC) using a
hybrid laminated composite material (HLC) composed of jute and e-glass fibers, including the influence of
layer quantity on strength and a comparison with previous research. The utilization of these alternative
materials may lead to the development of novel and efficient solutions for constructing durable and robust
structures. The primary objectives of this research are to assess the effects of employing HLC as a
reinforcing layer on CCC compressive strength, optimize the reinforcement process by selecting
appropriate layer sequences and types, and analyze the type of fiber damage in relation to the strength of
HLC composite material. The materials utilized in this study encompass woven jute fabric sheets, e-glass
fiber sheets, and epoxy resin. Compressive strength testing was conducted following ASTM C39 standards.
Specimen variations were based on the number and type of reinforcing layers. The results revealed that
CCC compressive strength increased by up to 100% with the application of up to three layers of jute
compared to an unlayered specimen. Furthermore, CCC compressive strength experienced a remarkable
enhancement of up to 150% with the incorporation of HLC composite. Hence, the implementation of HLC
demonstrates significant potential for augmenting the strength of concrete structures.
Keywords: Woven Jute Fabric, Curve Laminate Composite, Hybrid Laminate Composite, Compression
Strength
1. Introduction
Currently, composite materials are extensively utilized across diverse manufacturing
sectors, including aircraft fuselages, automotive components, electronic devices, and household
appliances. Furthermore, the utilization of these materials has advanced to enhance the durability
and longevity of structural elements in construction, such as concrete columns and beams.
Employing these materials can result in the creation of products possessing reduced weight,
increased strength, and enhanced affordability (Mahmud et al., 2023; Parvez et al., 2023).
Moreover, the formulation of these materials can be tailored to accommodate various fillers—
whether natural, synthetic, or hybrid—ensuring adaptability to specific manufacturing
requirements (Kumar & Kumar, 2023).
Laminated composite refers to a category of composite materials comprising the bonding
of multiple layers. This composite variety encompasses several layers of reinforcement materials
oriented in specific configurations. Typically, these layers consist of synthetic, natural, and/or
hybrid materials (Sharma & Gupta, 2023). The distinctive merit of this composite type lies in its
capacity to conform to the loading direction and nature pertinent to a predefined structure, thereby
augmenting structural strength and mitigating susceptibility to damage (Hasanuddin et al., 2023).
Typically, the composition of construction materials consists of concrete, a composite
comprising cement, sand, and gravel (Xiao et al., 2023). This material is renowned for its
remarkable resistance to adverse weather conditions, external forces, and extended operational
lifespan. Nonetheless, in the event of structural damage, remediation necessitates specialized
procedures, potentially leading to downtime and additional load-bearing demands on the
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replacement structure (Gravett et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2023). Hence, there exists a requirement for
innovative approaches aimed at enhancing concrete structures without augmenting their
operational load. One viable approach involves the incorporation of a reinforcing laminate
composite structure, which can be partially or wholly applied to the concrete structure (Patil et
al., 2023; Xie et al., 2020).
Presently, diverse industries are contemplating the reutilization of natural resources as a
means of mitigating the environmental impact stemming from waste generation. Natural materials
possess physical attributes that facilitate biodegradability, recyclability, abundant availability,
cost-effectiveness, and lightweight properties (Rueda-Bayona et al., 2022; Santosh Gangappa &
Sripad Kulkarni, 2020). Nonetheless, these materials often lack the requisite mechanical
robustness, rendering them susceptible to damage under external loads (Chau et al., 2022;
Thomason, 2023). Additionally, numerous investigations have indicated that the incorporation of
synthetic and natural composite laminates can enhance mechanical attributes and diminish
operational weight. Consequently, the central focus of this study revolves around the utilization
of hybrid synthetic and natural laminated composites to ameliorate concrete structures (OtengAbayie et al., 2022).
Jute, belonging to the Corchorus spp. and categorized under the Tiliaceae family, is a plant
known for its adaptability to growth in warm and tropical regions (Khalid et al., 2021; Majumder
et al., 2023). Historically utilized mainly for burlap (sacking), jute holds its origins in the
Mediterranean. However, at present, India leads as the foremost jute producer, yielding a
substantial annual output of around 1900 to 2000 tons (Baley et al., 2021; Karua et al., 2023).
Notably, within the Southeast Asian realm, Thailand contributes to the global jute production with
a share of approximately 5% (Baley et al., 2021; Shukla & Mittal, 2022). Primarily manifesting
as jute fabric, this plant derivative exhibits the potential to serve as a reinforcing material for
concrete structures due to its favorable capacity as a substrate for innate materials (Li et al., 2020;
Senniangiri et al., 2022).
Jute fibers and E-glass fibers exhibit distinct characteristics and advantages. Jute fibers are
natural fibers known for their environmental friendliness, lightweight nature, and strength
(Senniangiri et al., 2022; Wagh et al., 2023). On the other hand, E-glass fibers are synthetic fibers
with attributes of strength, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance (Mohammad Shohel et al.,
2023; Veeranjaneyulu et al., 2023). When combined, jute fibers and E-glass fibers complement
each other's strengths (Shakery & Alizadeh, 2021). Jute fibers contribute to environmental
friendliness and lightness, whereas E-glass fibers provide strength, heat resistance, and corrosion
resistance. Furthermore, jute fibers are biodegradable natural fibers, thereby reducing
environmental impact. Additionally, they possess a lower density compared to E-glass fibers,
leading to the creation of lighter composite materials. Jute fibers are easily obtainable and
relatively cost-effective, thereby lowering production costs and overall prices (Tong et al., 2023).
In contrast, E-glass fibers possess higher tensile strength than jute fibers, thereby enhancing the
composite material's strength. Furthermore, E-glass fibers exhibit greater resistance to
temperature and corrosion (Thomason, 2023). Consequently, the combination of jute fibers and
E-glass fibers can enhance composite material performance in terms of strength, heat resistance,
corrosion resistance, lightweight nature, and environmental sustainability (Edward Kennedy &
Arul Inigo Raja, 2021).
Several studies have been conducted on the durability of composite materials made from
natural fibers. Abir et al. (2023) conducted experiments to assess the impact of adding jute fibers
on the mechanical properties of gypsum plasterboard composites. The research findings indicated
that the addition of 6% jute fibers resulted in the highest tensile strength. However, the
incorporation of 8% fibers led to lower tensile and flexural properties compared to lower fiber
content (Abir et al., 2023). Maithil et al. (2023) conducted a study on the tensile strength of
polymer composites reinforced with carbon fibers, jute fibers, and a hybrid combination of both.
The results showed that the hybridization of carbon and jute fibers in polymer composites yielded
a significant increase in mechanical strength compared to single fiber usage, along with reduced
production costs and environmental impact (Maithil et al., 2023). Sriranga et al. (2021)
investigated the potential utilization of naturally available and cost-free jute fibers as
reinforcement in composite materials. The study demonstrated that a composition containing an
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additional 25% jute fibers exhibited improved strength compared to the base matrix of S-glass
fibers and epoxy resin. This indicates that the addition of jute fibers enhances the mechanical
properties of composite materials, particularly in terms of strength (Sriranga et al., 2021). Kirubai
et al. (2022) explored the application of jute fibers and rice straw powder for the development of
hybrid composite materials combined with synthetic silica fibers. The research findings indicated
that hybrid composite materials consisting of natural fibers (such as jute and rice straw) and
synthetic fillers (silica) exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to materials reinforced
with a single fiber type (Kirubai et al., 2022).
An experiment with random variables X will produce complex probability density function
data. Each time a randomized experiment is replicated, a random variable equal to the mean (or
total) of the results over the trials tends to form a normal distribution pattern as the number of
replicates becomes large (Berenguer-Rico & Nielsen, 2023; El Bouch et al., 2022; Kurita & Seo,
2022). The random variable X with a different mean (µ) and variance ( 2) can be modeled as a
normal probability mass function (PMF) with the appropriate choice of center and curve width
(Horváth et al., 2020; Joe Qin et al., 2021). Furthermore, the value of is defined as the center of
the probability density function and the value of 2 as the width, then the random variable X will
be normally distributed if it is in the range µ- < X < µ+. The symbol is the standard deviation
of the random data which is the square root of 2. The resulting curve is like an asymmetric bellshaped curve. Thus, the random variable X can be considered representative of the sample if it is
normally distributed (Kolkiewicz et al., 2021; Rapino et al., 2023).
In this study, the focus of the research was to determine the effect of the application of
laminated jute fabric and hybrid laminated composite (HLC) wrapping of e-glass jute on the
compressive strength of CCC. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of using
HLC as a reinforcing layer on the compressive strength of CCC, to optimize the reinforcement
process by selecting the appropriate sequence and type of coating, and to analyze the type of fiber
damage in relation to the strength of the HLC composite material.
2. Research Methods
Sheets of 0.5 x 1 m jute fabric were purchased from the Yarn Warehouse, Bekasi, West
Java, Indonesia. E-glass sheets and epoxy resin were purchased from PT. Justus Kimia Raya,
Medan, Indonesia. Concrete aggregates consist of cement, sand, and gravel. Cement was
purchased from PT Cemindo Gemilang, Medan, Indonesia with the physical specifications shown
in Table 1. Sand and gravel were purchased at a building materials store in the Kota Binjai area,
North Sumatra, Indonesia. Air vacuum conditions were obtained using a CVC120 model vacuum
pump with a suction power of 4.5 MPa.
CCC specimens were made according to ASTM C39 test standards with a diameter of 50
mm and a length of 150 mm. The mold shape of the test object is shown in Figure 1. Based on
ASTM C33 and ACI 211.1 standards, the best composition of concrete aggregate (cement, sand,
and gravel) for the North Sumatra region, Indonesia is 1:2:3 and the specimen treatment is carried
out by immersion in clean water for 28 days and drying in the open air for 28 days.
Table 1 - Physical specification of cement material (Fode et al., 2023)
Properties
Unit
Value
Compressive Strength:
3 days
MPa
20
7 days
MPa
34
28 days
MPa
44
Material fineness
m2/kg
345
Air content
%
6.95
SO3 content
%
2.1
Early binding
minutes
126
Final binding
minutes
210
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J1, J2, and J3 represent the first, second, and third layers which are jute fabric sheets. This
cloth will be used as a protective sheet for the CCC specimen. To form three test objects, each
variation will undergo three tests. Additionally, as a control, three CCC specimens without jute
fabric were prepared for testing purposes. Next, three different fabric combinations, including
jute fabric and E-glass, were examined for HLC (Hybrid Laminated Composite) evaluation. These
variations are designated GGJ, JGJ, and JJG, where the 'J' denotes jute fabric sheet and 'G' denotes
E-glass fabric sheet. Illustrations of test specimens are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. CCC specimen mold based on ASTM C39 standard
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 2. Sketches of the CCC wrap variations: (a) J1, (b) J2, (c) J3, (d) GGJ, (e) JGJ, and (f) JJG.
The procedure for making test specimens begins with measuring the mass of each
constituent of the concrete aggregate, namely cement, sand, and gravel, as in Figure 3. Next, the
aggregate is mixed carefully and poured into the test specimen mold as shown in Figures 4. a and
b. After being left for 3 days in the mold, the specimens were extracted and soaked in clean water
for 28 days as shown in Figure 4. c. Then, the specimens were dried in the open air for 28 days to
achieve optimal hardness as shown in Figure 4.d. A layer of jute and its hybrids is applied to the
concrete surface according to the variations mentioned and molded using the vacuum bag method.
This process is shown in Figure 4. e and f.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. Aggregate mass measurement: (a) cement, (b) sand, and (c) gravel
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
Fig. 4. The process of making specimens: (a) mixing concrete aggregate, (b) molding specimens, (c) soaking in clean
water, (d) drying in the open air, (e) wrapping of woven jute fabric, (f) vacuum air process, and (g) specimens that have
been vacuumed.
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Research activities and compressive strength testing were carried out at the Integrated
Research Laboratory (LPT), University of North Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia. Compression
testing using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) type Hydraulic UTM model WEW-300D
with a capacity of 300 kN (Figure 5). The test is carried out on the test object until it is damaged
as shown in Figure 6.
Fig. 5. Compressive strength test equipment type UTM WEW-300D
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. Compressive Test Conditions: (a) Specimen Before Being Subjected To Compressive Load, And (b)
Specimen After Failure.
The test data will be validated using the PMF method to check whether the data is normally
distributed or not. The test results will be displayed in the form of a normally distributed data
graph (NDD), where the data must be within the lower control limits (LCL) and upper control
limits (UCL). Data that meets these requirements are in the range LCL < X < UCL. In this study,
the analysis of the test results is to see the trend of changes in the strength of the CCC structure
due to the effect of applying laminated composite wrap in the form of curved structures, both with
jute and HLC fabrics. Furthermore, the results of this study will be compared with the results of
previous studies to obtain the overall characteristics of the material produced and other
phenomena.
3. Results and Discussions
The data from the compression test of the CCC specimen reinforced with laminated
composites from jute fabric and its hybrids are shown in Figure 7. In this study, the validity of
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Average Compressive Strength
(MPa)
the test data was checked using the PMF method and the test results are shown in the form of
NDD graphs shown in Figures 8 and 9. Based on the results of the examination, the test data for
each variation proved to be in the NDD condition because these data were still close to the range
of µ- < X < µ+. Thus, the data are spread close to the sample mean value and can be assumed
to be representative of the sample.
35,00
29,56
28,77
30,00
23,84
23,83
25,00
25,95
20,00
15,00
11,72
11,07
10,00
5,00
0,00
S0
J1
J2
J3
GGJ
JGJ
JJG
Variations
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
PMF
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
PMF
PMF
Fig. 7. Average Compressive Strength Of CCC Specimens By Wrap Variation
0
8
10
12
14
16
8
Compressive Stress (MPa)
10
12
20
14
22
24
26
28
Compressive Stress…
Compressive Stress …
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
PMF
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
PMF
PMF
Fig. 8. Graph of NDD on variations of: (a) S0, (b) J1, (c) J2, and (d) J3
26 27 28 29 30 31 32
27 28 29 30 31 32
Compressive Stress
(MPa)
Compressive Stress
(MPa)
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
24
25
26
27
28
Compressive Stress
(MPa)
Fig. 9. Graph of NDD on variations of (a) GGJ, (b) JGJ, and (c) JJG
Based on the test data, the compressive strength of S0 and J1 has almost the same average
value of 11 MPa. Thus, the addition of 1 layer of jute cloth did not have a significant effect on
increasing the compressive strength of CCC when compared to no wrap. Furthermore, the
compressive strength experienced a significant increase in the application of 2 and 3 layers of jute
fabric wrap. The average compressive strength of 2 and 3 layers of jute wrap was 23.83 and 23.84
MPa, respectively. The compressive strength has increased up to 100% compared to without
wrapping. The results of this study support the results of investigations carried out by Abir et al.
(2023), where the addition of jute fiber to the composite was able to increase its mechanical
properties by up to 593% (Abir et al., 2023). This study also supports the results of research
conducted by Karua et al. (2023), where 2.44% jute fiber mixture can increase the compressive
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strength of composite materials by up to 140% (Karua et al., 2023). However, the results of this
study are in contrast to the results of a study by Majumder et al. (2023). Mixing jute fiber in
mortar actually reduces the compressive strength by up to 80% at a composition of 2% fiber 5
mm long (Majumder et al., 2023).
The application of HLC to CCC causes a significant increase in compressive strength,
which is up to 150% without wrapping. The average compressive strength in each variation of
GGJ, JGJ, and JJG was 28.77, 29.56, and 25.95 MPa, respectively. Among these variations, the
application of a jute fabric as the first layer to cover the CCC surface had a higher average
compressive strength than e-glass. Thus, in the process of strengthening the CCC structure with
the application of an HLC wrap, it is necessary to consider the use of a jute fabric as the initial
layer covering the CCC to obtain better compressive strength. The results of this study support
the results of investigations carried out by Maithil et al. (2023), where the application of a hybrid
composite of jute fiber and synthetic carbon fiber was able to increase its mechanical properties
by up to 300% (Maithil et al., 2023). The results of this study also support the investigation that
has been carried out by Vivek et al. (2022), where a mixture of jute fiber with 5% copper wire
was able to increase its compressive strength by up to 15% (Vadivel Vivek et al., 2022).
Figure 10 depicts the pattern of damage to the composite wrap made of laminated jute and
HLC. The jute fabric does not have a significant impact on CCC, as seen by the damage that
occurs in 1 jute layer, as illustrated in Figure 10 a. It is plain to see that CCC damage happens
frequently and shreds the case at any point on its surface. As a result, applying a jute cloth with
up to 1 layer did not increase the CCC strength. However, jute fabrics with two and three layers
showed an improvement in strength. Visual inspection of the damage pattern in Figures 10 b and
c revealed that the damage was confined to a single area. This demonstrates that the jute fabric's
strength is generally distributed throughout the CCC surface and that the damage only affects one
of the weaker areas. This damage pattern matched that of the specimens with HLC coating, as
seen in Figures 10 d, e, and f. In other words, the application of an HLC coating and perhaps other
materials can boost the strength of the CCC even further.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 10. Damage To The Surface Of The Jute Layer In Variations Of (a) J1, (b) J2, (c) J3, (d) GGJ, (e) JGJ, and (f)
JJG
(a)
(b)
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(c)
Fig. 11. Optical Observations At 75 Times Magnification Of The Composite Structure At Variations of (a) J1, (b) J2,
and (c) J3
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 12. Optical Observations Of 75 Times Magnification Of The Jute Fiber Structure In HCL Composites At
Variations Of (a) GGJ, (b) JGJ, and (c) JJG
Figure 11 displays the findings of observations made using an optical microscope with a
magnification of up to 75 times to determine the type of damage to the fiber. Figure 11a depicts
the J1 variation's fiber damage in terms of form. Due to the improper binding of the jute fiber by
the epoxy matrix in this situation, it is unable to endure the applied external load and sustains
damage first. In addition, the jute fiber responds to the stress in such a way that it seems to be
emerging from the embedded matrix. On the other hand, the J2 and J3 variations, as depicted in
Figures 11b and c, demonstrated a reasonably strong bond between the epoxy matrix and jute
fibers. The fracture between the matrix and the fibers happens in almost the same place, and the
direction and shape of the fibers appear to be more regular. The composite's entire structure may
receive equal amounts of load thanks to the matrix, which also boosts the strength of the fiber.
Thus, the laminated composite's strength can raise the total strength of CCC.
The results of the same observation on the shape of the fiber damage in the HLC specimen are
shown in Figure 12. The shape of the fiber damage in the GGJ variation is shown in Figure 12a.
In this condition, jute fiber gives a good response to the given load. The shape of the jute fiber
damage indicates that the fiber resists external loads maximally until it finally breaks.
Furthermore, the presence of jute fiber between the concrete and the e-glass also serves as a strong
binder between the concrete and the e-glass sheet. Furthermore, the shape of the fiber damage in
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the JGJ and JJG variations is shown in Figures 12b and c. In this condition, the fiber and matrix
provide a good response to the external load given. Based on the form of damage, the combination
of jute fiber and e-glass can better withstand the applied load resulting in the highest increase in
CCC strength of the other two types of HLC specimens. Finally, the application of the HLC wrap
on the CCC can work well together increasing the overall strength of the CCC.
4. Conclusion
The experimental findings indicate that the addition of a single layer of jute wrap (S0 and
J1) did not lead to a significant improvement in the compressive strength of CCC when compared
to the unwrapped condition, as both exhibited nearly identical average values of 11 MPa.
However, a noteworthy enhancement in compressive strength was observed when employing 2
or 3 layers of jute fabric wrap. The mean compressive strength for 2 and 3 layers of jute wrap was
23.83 and 23.84 MPa, respectively, signifying a substantial increase of up to 100% when
contrasted with the unwrapped state. The application of HLC to CCC significantly increased the
compressive strength by up to 150% without wrapping. Among the variations, the use of jute
fabric as the first layer to cover the CCC surface had a higher average compressive strength than
e-glass. Therefore, in the process of strengthening the CCC structure with the application of an
HLC wrap, it is recommended to use jute fabric as the initial layer. The application of jute fabric
to CCC does not significantly improve the strength when only one layer is used. However, two
and three layers of jute fabric showed an improvement in strength. The damage pattern of the
specimens with jute fabric and HLC layer is similar, which suggests that the application of the
HLC layer and other materials can further improve the strength of CCC.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Faculty of Industrial and Manufacturing Technology and
Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and CoE-Puin, Engineering Faculty
UMA who has supported this study.
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